Saturation values

Figure A3.9.9. Dissociation probability versus incident energy for D2 molecules incident on a Cu(l 11) surface for the initial quantum states indicated (u indicates the mitial vibrational state and J the initial rotational state) [100], For clarity, the saturation values have been scaled to the same value irrespective of the initial state, although in reality die saturation value is higher for the u = 1 state.

In the Parkes process, a quantity (1—2%) of 2inc is added to lead which is in excess of the saturation value. This creates insoluble intermetaUic compounds consisting of 2inc and the noble metals that precipitate from the lead on cooling (22). 

Fig. 5. Schematic illustiation of the inciease in caibon content with caibutizing time. The maximum caibon content at the surface is given by the saturation value, (a) Phase diagram (b) plot of carbon content under the surface where the arrow represents increasing time at temperature (9).

If the gas has the correct composition, the carbon content at the surface increases to the saturation value, ie, the solubiUty limit of carbon in austenite (Fig. 2), which is a function of temperature. Continued addition of carbon to the surface increases the carbon content curve. The surface content is maintained at this saturation value (9) (Fig. 5). The gas carburizing process is controlled by three factors (/) the thermodynamics of the gas reactions which determine the equiUbrium carbon content at the surface (2) the kinetics of the chemical reactions which deposit the carbon and (J) the diffusion of carbon into the austenite. 

Because naphthalene vapors can cause eye irritation at concentrations of 15 ppm in air and because continued exposure may result in adverse effects to the eye, a threshold limit value of 10 ppm (50 mg/m ) has been set by the ACGIH (45). This amount is about 30% of the air-saturation value at 27°C. 

As can be expected when the sites available for dye are limited, saturation values for the fiber are low, much lower than Freundhch or simple partition, and within the range of normal depth of shades dyed. This saturation value can be derived from the plot of 1/against 1 /where the point the line intersects the 1/L axis represents the value l/ where L is the saturation value. 

The heavier the depth of shade and closei to the saturation value for the fiber under its dyebath conditions (pH, electrolyte, etc), the more libely it is to obtain a level dyeiag. Thus for heavy shades relatively Htde control is needed ia the dyeiag process. 

FIG. 2-11 Enthalpy-concentration diagram for aqueous hydrogen chloride at 1 atm. Reference states enthalpy of liquid water at 0 C is zero enthalpy of pure saturated HCl vapor at 1 atm (—85.03 C) is 8000 kcal/moL NOTE It should he observed that the weight basis includes the vapor, which is particularly important in the two-phase region. Saturation values may be read at the ends of the tie lines. [Van Nuys, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 39, 663 (1943).]... 

In the irreversible limit R < 0.1), the adsorption front within the particle approaches a shock transition separating an inner core into which the adsorbate has not yet penetrated from an outer layer in which the adsorbed phase concentration is uniform at the saturation value. The dynamics of this process is described approximately by the shrinldng-core model [Yagi and Kunii, Chem. Eng. (Japan), 19, 500 (1955)]. For an infinite fluid volume, the solution is ... 

The concentration of solvent of the atomized binding fluid in the exit air cannot exceed the saturation value for the solvent in the fluidizing gas at the bed temperature. 

The saturated volume at 100 F is then 14.09+0.97 = 15.06. A eurve of sueh values is shown in Figure 28. Sinee humid volume is defined as the volume of any mixture, expressed as eubic feet of mixture per pound of dry air, and since both the specific and saturated values are on the basis of 1 lb of dry air, the humid volume for any humidity may be obtained directly by interpolation between the curves for specific and saturated volumes. 

Several overall features of the shock-induced polarization are apparent. First, there appears to be a threshold compression below which the signals are not observed. The compression for this threshold is considerable, about 15%, such that it is not difficult to believe that the material must be considerably altered in structure before polarizations appear (shown in Fig. 5.22). Following the threshold compression, the polarizations increase extraordinarily rapidly with increasing compression, finally reaching a saturation value at compressions of perhaps 30%. 

Furthermore, one can infer quantitatively from the data in Fig. 13 that the quantum system cannot reach the maximum herringbone ordering even at extremely low temperatures the quantum hbrations depress the saturation value by 10%. In Fig. 13, the order parameter and total energy as obtained from the full quantum simulation are compared with standard approximate theories valid for low and high temperatures. One can clearly see how the quasi classical Feynman-Hibbs curve matches the exact quantum data above 30 K. However, just below the phase transition, this second-order approximation in the quantum fluctuations fails and yields uncontrolled estimates just below the point of failure it gives classical values for the order parameter and the herringbone ordering even vanishes below... 

For times t > rR one expects g2 to settle down to its saturation value while gill continues to grow and crosses over to a diffusive behavior ... 

Elec.) saturation current. -verhfQtnis, n. (of air) relative humidity, -wert, m, saturation value valence, valency,... 

In a first-order reaction, suppose that a quantity X of a reactant is added at regular intervals of time, At. At first the amount of reactant in the system builds up eventually, however, it levels off at a saturation value given by the expression... 

Unreactive gases. See Noble gas Unsaturated solution A solution that contains less solute than the equilibrium (saturated) value, 16 Unshared electron pair A pair of electrons that belongs to a single atom and is not involved in bonding, 167 hybrid orbitals, 187... 

It is seen that for a given (constant) gate voltage, the drain current first increases linearly with the drain voltage (linear regime), then gradually levels off to reach a saturation value (saturation regime). 

Yoshida et al. (Y4) obtained data on power consumption in a 25-cm-diameter vessel. Four different types of vaned-disk impellers and one turbine were used, but for all impellers the ratio of impeller to tank diameter was maintained at 0.4. Their results, as would be expected, showed that the power dissipation increased rapidly with agitator speed and decreased with increasing gas rate for vaned-disk impellers. At certain agitator speeds, the amount of gas held below the vaned disk reaches a saturation value that apparently... 

In an experimental wetted wall column, pure carbon dioxide, is absorbed in water. The mass transfer rate is calculated using the penetration theory, application of which is limited by the fact that the concentration should not teach more than 1 per cent of the saturation value at a depth below the surface at which the velocity is 95 per cent of the surface velocity. What is the maximum length of column to which the theory can be applied if the flowrate of water is 3 cm3/s per cm of perimeter ... 

The time at which concentration reaches 0.01 of saturation value at a depth of 1.010 x I0-4 in is given by ... 

A pure gas is absorbed into a liquid with which it reacts. The concentration in the liquid is sufficiently low for the mass transfer to be covered by Fick s Law and the reaction is first-order with respect to the solute gas. It may be assumed that the film theory may be applied to the liquid and that the concentration of solute gas falls from the saturation value to zero across the film. The reaction is initially carried out at 293 K. By what factor will the mass transfer rate across the interface change, if the temperature is raised to 313 K ... 

The solution of this equation has been discussed by DANCKWERTSt28), and here a solution will be obtained using the Laplace transform method for a semi-infinite liquid initially free of solute. On the assumption that the liquid is in contact with pure solute gas, the concentration Cm at the liquid interface will be constant and equal to the saturation value. The boundary conditions will be those applicable to the penetration theory, that is ... 

Making a heat balance over the column, it is seen that the heat of vaporisation of the liquid must come from the sensible heat in the gas. The temperature of the gas falls from 6 to the adiabatic saturation temperature 6S, and its humidity increases from to Jfv (the saturation value at 9S). Then working on the basis of unit mass of dry gas ... 

From equation 13.1 for a gas with a humidity less than the saturation value ... 

The humidity can be reduced by compressing air, allowing it to cool again to its original temperature, and draining off the water which has condensed. During compression, the partial pressure of the vapour is increased and condensation takes place as soon as it reaches the saturation value. Thus, if air is compressed to a high pressure, it becomes saturated with vapour, but the partial pressure is a small proportion of the total pressure. Compressed air from a cylinder therefore has a low humidity. Gas is frequently compressed before it is circulated so as to prevent condensation in the mains. 

Model is sensitive to variations in ammonia-N loading. A doubling of loads (from outfalls in the nitrifying segment) results in as much as a 14 percent reduction in percent DO saturation values from the standard profile. Reducing the ammonia loading by 50 percent increases the predicted DO values by up to 8 percent saturation. 

Equation (10.12) is the simplest—and most generally useful—model that reflects heterogeneous catalysis. The active sites S are fixed in number, and the gas-phase molecules of component A compete for them. When the gas-phase concentration of component A is low, the k a term in Equation (10.12) is small, and the reaction is first order in a. When a is large, all the active sites are occupied, and the reaction rate reaches a saturation value of kjkd-The constant in the denominator, is formed from ratios of rate constants. This makes it less sensitive to temperature than k, which is a normal rate constant. 

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