Chemicals table

Wiison A J C and Prinoe E (eds) 1999 Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables (International Tables for Crystallography C) 2nd edn (Dordreoht Kiuwer)... 

Chemicals have long been manufactured from biomass, especially wood (sHvichemicals), by many different fermentation and thermochemical methods. For example, continuous pyrolysis of wood was used by the Ford Motor Co. in 1929 for the manufacture of various chemicals (Table 20) (47). Wood alcohol (methanol) was manufactured on a large scale by destmctive distillation of wood for many years until the 1930s and early 1940s, when the economics became more favorable for methanol manufacture from fossil fuel-derived synthesis gas. 

Property Data fretworks. These include the Materials Property Data Network, Inc. (MPD) (57) and Chemical Property Data Network (CPDN) and are available on STN. These networks provide menu access to numeric data on the performance of different materials and chemicals. Tables 5 and 6 summarize using the numeric files available on STN. NUMERIGUIDE is a data directory and property hierarchy support file produced by STN it contains information on all properties available in the numeric files on STN. 

Statistical data on dry salt sales are available through 1994 (9). Dry salt includes salt produced as crystalline sodium chloride, but excludes salt in brine produced for production of chlor—alkah products and other chemicals. Table 7 gives United States dry salt sales for the period 1990—1994. 

Production and Consumption. About 80% of the world s barite production is used as a weighting agent for the muds ckculated in rotary drilling of oil and gas wells (see PETROLEUM, DRILLING FLUIDS AND OTHER OIL RECOVERY CHEMICALS). Table 2 shows the U.S. production—consumption balance. The 1988 demand for barite increased nearly 40% over that recorded in 1987. However, by the end of 1988, oil prices had declined and renewed economic uncertainties depressed exploration and development activity. Barite demand fell accordingly and imports of lower cost foreign product exceeded domestic production. 

Industrial ethanol is one of the largest-volume organic chemicals used in industrial and consumer products. The main uses for ethanol are as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals (Table 8) and as a solvent. As a solvent, ethanol is second only to water. Ethanol is a key raw material in the manufacture of dmgs, plastics, lacquers, poHshes, plasticizers, perfumes, and cosmetics. Around 1960, manufacture of ethanol was the top consumer of ethylene in the United States, but since 1965 it has rated below manufacture of ethylene oxide and polyethylene. 

Explosibility and Fire Control. As in the case of many other reactive chemicals, the fire and explosion hazards of ethylene oxide are system-dependent. Each system should be evaluated for its particular hazards including start-up, shut-down, and failure modes. Storage of more than a threshold quantity of 5000 lb (- 2300 kg) of the material makes ethylene oxide subject to the provisions of OSHA 29 CER 1910 for "Highly Hazardous Chemicals." Table 15 summarizes relevant fire and explosion data for ethylene oxide, which are at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions except where otherwise noted. 

Recirculation is commonly used for grinding tables due to the large exhaust airflow rates of this design. For these larger tables the free area is much larger than for the small chemical tables, resulting in a much lower pressure difference. In order to maintain an even distribution of airflow over this large surface, it is necessary to use... 

The basis for believing the pharmacological intervention can be a major approach to the treatment of disease is the fact that the body generally functions in response to chemicals. Table 1.1 shows partial lists of hormones and neuro transmitters in the body. Many more endogenous chemicals are involved in normal physiological function. The fact that so many physiological processes are controlled by chemicals provides... 

As mentioned earlier, molecular chlorine has long been one of the leading industrial chemicals. Table 21-1 provides a summary of the industrial importance of chlorine. 

Macgillavry CH, Rieck GD (eds.) (1968) International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, vol. 2. Physical and Chemical Tables. The Kynoch Press, Birmingham... 

For example, E. G. Mazurs (note 2, p. 105) expresses the discord as follows The periodicity of atomic structure must be accepted as a Natural Law. Therefore, scientists have to change their minds, get away from the conservatism that accepts only Mendeleev s chemical table as right, and adjust the other phenomena to this phenomenon that is, derive the chemical and physical properties of the elements from the electronic structure of the atoms. ... 

Section 5 deals with the notification to EPA of new substances or significant new uses of existing chemicals. Table 2 outlines the information requirements of this section. The Premanufacturing Notice (PMN) requirement of the act, as required under section 5(a)(1)(A), went into effect, as mandated by Congress, 30 days after the TSCA inventory was published, according to Section 8(b). Since taking effect on July 1, 1979, over 1250 PMN s have been submitted. This activity has been one of the top agency priorities. 

U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, JANAF Thermo chemical Tables, 2nd Ed., NSRDS-NBS 37 (1975). 

No general rules or easy answers exist for understanding the potential consequences of uncontrolled chemical reactions, due to the diversity of chemicals and reaction pathways. Table 4.5 shows the potential consequences of oxidizers as one specific category of reactive chemicals. Table 4.6, taken from the NOAA Chemical Reactivity Worksheet, lists some general consequences that could occur if incompatible materials are combined. 

The CSB data analysis shows that reactive incidents are not limited to any one chemical or to a few classes of chemicals. Table 3 lists common chemical classes involved in the 167 incidents. None of these classes represent a majority of incidents in the CSB data... 

They were assayed at intervals of a half-order of magnitude. The RPE and RPP were calculated from the estimated PE of each chemical (Table 7.3.1). The PE was significantly different from one for NP and all the compounds tested, except NPEOs, On>2-... 

Most certainly the greatest culprit in excess nutrients is agriculture. Nevertheless, urban areas contribute a grossly disproportionate share of these chemicals (Table 4.5), creating acute local stream problems. Lawn fertilization contributes to this effect, though to a degree not yet fully determined. 

The POCs include, but are certainly not limited to the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the organochlorine pesticides, including those in current use, restricted use and historic use brominated flame retardants including polybrominated diphenyl ethers PAHs and the sometimes more toxic transformation products of these chemicals. Table 1 summarizes information on some of the POCs more commonly detected in alpine environments. 

Toxic pollutants found in the wastewater streams are normally related to solvents and solvent impurities, product additives, and cooling water treatment chemicals. Table 7 presents a listing of the potential wastewater sources and the associated contaminants for this industry. 

The second 50 chemicals commonly are made with another representative of this same list as one of its precursors, while only originally being derived from a more basic chemical. Table 13.3 gives 15 such paired chemicals. These second 50 pairs are one reason why an exact list of rank may not be possible, since so many production amounts are very close. 

Pharmaceutical substances form the backbone of modern medicinal therapy. Most traditional pharmaceuticals are low molecular mass organic chemicals (Table 1.1). Although some (e.g. aspirin) were originally isolated from biological sources, most are now manufactured by direct chemical synthesis. Two types of manufacturing companies thus comprise the traditional pharmaceutical sector the chemical synthesis plants, which manufacture the raw chemical ingredients in bulk quantities, and the finished product pharmaceutical facilities, which purchase these raw bulk ingredients, formulate them into final pharmaceutical products, and supply these products to the end-user. 

FETAX correctly predicted the mammalian results (teratogens and non-teratogens) for 10 out of 13 chemicals (Table 1). According to these results the predictivity was 77% (see Note 3). 

Lindley PF (2004) Mounting and setting of specimens for X-ray crystallographic studies. International Tables for Crystallography Vol. C Mathematical, physical and chemical tables, 3rd edn. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 162-170... 

Some compounds are known by their common name rather than their systematic names. Many of these are common household chemicals. Table 5.6 summarizes some of these common chemicals. 

The following distribution of costs might be considered to be typical (all figures in % of the price of the chemical) (Table 1). 

JANAF Thermo chemical Tables, 2nd ed., Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. NSRDS-NBS 31, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1971. 

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