Wastewater sources

General discussions on the applications of filtration to wastewater flows were given in previous chapters. These discussions have provided the reader with an understanding of the objectives of wastewater treatment and how filtration can be used as one of the unit operations for solids removal. Filtration must, however, be used in conjunction with other treatment technologies or operations, and does not necessarily represent the primary treatment method. It is beyond the scope of this volume to discuss the other techniques used in the treatmait of wastewater flows. For general information and backgroimd on other unit operations and processes used with filtration in the treatment of wastewaters, the reader may refer to the suggested references at the end of this chapter. 

This chapter provides an overview of the characteristics of typical waste streams from major industry sectors. A review of the discussions in this chapter will provide the reader with the understanding of the sources of these wastes from each industry sector. 

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Primary Investigation. The basic systems engineering approach is the most suitable method for developing a solution to industrial wastewater management. The preliminary investigation includes a plant survey and the characterization of the wastewater source. 

Reference Wastewater source Proposed industrial reuse Country Technologies considered... 

The nonferrous metals industry is divided into 61 subcategories by the type and source of the metal to be smelted and/or refined and by similar wastewater sources. Twenty-six of these subcategories... 

Wastewater characterization for the aluminum forming industry has been developed on a waste-stream basis, rather than on a subcategory basis. Table 5.2 summarizes the wastewater sources reported for this industry. Wastewater flow rates identified for these sources are presented in Table 5.3. 

Wastewater Sources Reported in Aluminum Forming Industry Processes... 

Wastewater Source Plants Known to Have Process... 

Water samples were analysed by reversed phase LC-ES-MS. Concentrations of 0.08—0.42 and 0.16—0.94 p,g L-1 were determined for NP and A9PEO1 3, respectively. Concentration levels of A8PEO were lower by more than an order of magnitude, and halogenated APs were not detected in the water. The APEO metabolites showed a strong correlation with the sewage tracer silver, indicating a wastewater source of these compounds. 

In addition to these major processes, there are other auxiliary activities that are critical to the operation in a refinery. These auxiliary operations and the major refining processes are briefly described below, along with their wastewater sources [5]. 

The major wastewater source in the defluorination processes is the wet scrubbing of contaminants from the gaseous effluent streams. However, process conditions normally permit the use of recirculated contaminated water for this service, thereby effectively reducing the discharged wastewater volume. 

Wastewater sources from pesticide manufacmring and formulating/packaging facilities have been described in the previous section. This section discusses wastewater quality and quantity. 

Table 5 Summary of Potential Process-Associated Wastewater Sources from the Tire and Inner Tube Industry...

Table 6 lists potential wastewater sources and general wastewater contaminants for the emulsion crumb rubber industry. 

Toxic pollutants found in the wastewater streams are normally related to solvents and solvent impurities, product additives, and cooling water treatment chemicals. Table 7 presents a listing of the potential wastewater sources and the associated contaminants for this industry. 

Table 8 presents potential wastewater sources and general contaminants for this industry. 

Table 6 Summary of Wastewater Sources from Emulsion Crumb Rubber Production Facilities...

Table 7 Summary of Wastewater Sources from Solution Crumb Rubber Production...

Wastewater sources in this subcategory are the leaching process, makeup water, cooling water, and stripping water. Toxic pollutants are present at insignificant levels in the wastewater discharges. 

Buffers can be irrigated by industrial and municipal effluent to remove inorganic and organic compounds. In this application, the buffer is operated as a flow-through system that absorbs, sequesters, and metabolizes priority pollutants from the wastewater sources. It is often installed as the final filter at stream edges or around site perimeters. The buffer provides additional benefits as a visual barrier and it reduces noise, intercepts dust, and creates a wind break for operators. In addition, it can provide an aesthetic landscape for the neighborhood. 

Estuary export Atmosphere N fixation wastewater sources inputs column Denitrification Sedimentation landings Other losses Net... 

In order to explore all waste reduction opportunities in any process, it is desirable to have a systematic approach to consider all the important factors. These factors include the location of wastewater sources, the facility available to reduce this waste, and the determination of its economical feasibility. This requires a team of experts fix>m among management, plant operators, engineers, analysts, environmentalists, economists and the like, who have the following clear goals ... 

For petroleum waste management a deep-well injection disposal process has long been used. This method transfers liquid wastes underground and away from fresh wastewater sources. It is also used to dispose of saltwater in oil fields. 

Chesapeake Bay Mostly nonpoint (agriculture), some point (wastewater) source stress. Estuarine example where nitrogen-limitation important. Mitigation efforts via wastewater treatment (point source) - - wetland restoration to serve as nutrient traps (nonpoint source). Early restoration phase. 

Industrial Wastewater Source Control An Inspection Guide... 

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