Physics definitions

But, this is not the usual physics definition, which instead uses the term spalling to cover all failures induced by intense wave transmission and reflections within solids. We use the more general physics definition. References 25-27 give good descriptions of the physics of shock transmission through solids, and spalling processes. 

Pores are found in many solids and the term porosity is often used quite arbitrarily to describe many different properties of such materials. Occasionally, it is used to indicate the mere presence of pores in a material, sometimes as a measure for the size of the pores, and often as a measure for the amount of pores present in a material. The latter is closest to its physical definition. The porosity of a material is defined as the ratio between the pore volume of a particle and its total volume (pore volume + volume of solid) [1]. A certain porosity is a common feature of most heterogeneous catalysts. The pores are either formed by voids between small aggregated particles (textural porosity) or they are intrinsic structural features of the materials (structural porosity). According to the IUPAC notation, porous materials are classified with respect to their sizes into three groups microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous materials [2], Microporous materials have pores with diameters < 2 nm, mesoporous materials have pore diameters between 2 and 50 nm, and macroporous materials have pore diameters > 50 nm. Nowadays, some authors use the term nanoporosity which, however, has no clear definition but is typically used in combination with nanotechnology and nanochemistry for materials with pore sizes in the nanometer range, i.e., 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanoporous could thus mean everything from microporous to macroporous. 

However, let note, that the assumption about independence of the osmotic pressure of semi-diluted solutions on the length of a chain is not physically definitely well-founded per se it is equivalent to position that the system of strongly intertwined chains is thermodynamically equivalent to the system of gaped monomeric links of the same concentration. Therefore, both Flory-Huggins method and Scaling method do not take into account the conformation constituent of free energy of polymeric chains. 

The simplest approach is to apply a point charge model (PCM). It is based on the physical definitions of electrical quantities, where a charge at a distance r from the origin... 

Explosion has several attributes and hence can be described ot defined in different ways- From the standpoint of chemistry it is a rapid cheuircai process resulting in the evolution of gas and heat. To the classic physical definition of a high-pressure energy release must be added thermonuclear effects. Both chemical and physical concepts must be combined to obtain a complete terminology Ref H. Pessiak, Explosivstoffe, 1960, 23—6, 45-7... 

In this section we define and discuss complex vector spaces. We give many examples, especially of vector spaces of functions. Such vector spaces do not usually figure prominently in introductory courses on linear algebra, but the vector nature of functions is crucial in many areas of math and physics. Definition 2.1 Consider a set V, together with an addition operation... 

This relation is derived from the physical definition as well as from the optical rotation. By chemical definition, if the plane of polarization as seen by an observer looking toward the light source, is rotated clock-wise, the rotation is positive. Equation (27) then converts to ... 

Happily, the qualitative mathematical form for e(o>), or more specifically for s(i ), is virtually imposed by its physical definition. The essential features are that... 

The term surface layer is used interchangeably for somewhat different concepts in the literature. It might refer to the parts of the disk that are optically thin to (generally ultraviolet or visible) radiation from the central star, i.e. along a line of sight from the disk surface to the star. This is a physical definition because the... 

When spectroscopy with polarized light or other optical polarization measurements are performed the studied sample becomes one element of the optical train which transmits the beam from the radiation source to the detector. Four optical phenomena might take place in a sample sensitive to polarized radiation. We list them below together with their physical definition ... 

Lemery defined precipitation as an expression chemists used to describe the fall of a body which had been suspended dissolved in a liquid from which it has been subsequently disunited. Although Fontenelle construed this as a physical definition based on the principles of hydrostatics, Lemery used it to differentiate true metallic precipitates, or the products of displacement reactions, from false ones. One could obtain false precipitates, or the matters that lost their initial metallic form and were reduced to a friable and indissoluble mass, in several ways. Calcination (red and violet mercury), incomplete dissolution in acids (antimony in spirit of salt or in regal water), and calcination after dissolution and evaporation (mercury in spirit of niter), all produced such precipitates. True metallic precipitates differed from false ones in that they were directly separated from their dissolution in liquid. As Lemery put it, false precipitates were abandoned by the liquid, while true precipitates abandoned the liquid themselves. True precipitates were made sometimes naturally through agitation, but mostly with recourse to the intermediates such as alkali salts or other metals. The choice of intermediates depended on the nature of the bodies to be precipitated. Lemery provided an exhaustive discussion for each case. In order to precipitate a resinous matter dissolved in spirit of wine, one could use common water which, by meshing intimately with the spirit, would precipitate the resinous matter. Camphor in spirit of wine could thus be... 

The constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats are identical for incompressible substances (Fig. 1-10). Therefore, for solids and liquids the subscripts on c and Cp can be dropped and both. specific heals can be represented by a single symbol, c. That is, Cp = tv = c- This result could also be deduced from the physical definitions of constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats. Specific heats of several common gases, liquids, and solids are given in the Appendix. 

The new work led to a physical definition of an element based on atomic structure. According to the physical definition of an element, all the atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons and electrons, although the number of neutrons may vary. The placement of the protons, electrons, and neutrons in the atom follow strict rules of arrangement. The number of subatomic particles and their arrangement then determines the way atoms of elements interact. 

For extending the preceding definitions to the case of non-orthogonal basis set, two procedures have been devised, which can be reconciled on the basis of a more physical definition of charges based on dipole moments (vide infra) ... 

To derive Eq. (7.23), which relates the blocked correlation function, hb, to the replicated system, we start from the statistical physical definition of the blocked function given in Eq. (7.22). On the right side of this equation, the double average over one of the pair terms, that is, for example, the term with = 1, / = 2, can he written as... 

It is convenient to consider c as a constant and b as a linear function of temperature. Thus, a question arises which values of z and y correspond to the Flory temperature TFT. The simplest and most physical definition of TF is as follows it is the temperature at which the second virial coefficient vanishes. This condition can be written in the form... 

The mole volumes of many simple pure chemical substances at the absolute zero point, the melting and boiling points at atmospheric pressure, and the critical point, respectively, are as 1 1.21 1.48 3.78 hence volume relationships are basic in the physical definition of solid and liquid states. 

Notice also that an equivalent physical definition of... 

Every system of units has a large number of derived units which are, as the name implies, derived from the base units. The new units are based on the physical definitions of other quantities which involve the combination of different variables. Below is a list of several common derived system properties and the corresponding dimensions (= denotes unit equivalence). If you don t know what one of these properties is, you will learn it eventually ... 

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