Chemical acute

In the safety evaluation of chemicals, acute toxicity tests are those that evaluate effects occurring within about 7 days of a single dose, and sub-chronic toxicity tests evaluate toxicity resulting from short-term repeated dosing or exposure, often 28 days up to 90 days. Chronic toxicity tests are those that evaluate effects occurring after much longer exposures, at least six months and possibly up to the lifetime in experimental animals. 

The acute dermal irritation is the study of reversible inflammatory changes in the skin of test animals following the application of a test chemical. Acute dermal corrosion is the study of irreversible tissue damages in the skin following the application of a test chemical. In the evaluation of toxic characteristics of a chemical, determination of the irritant or corrosive effects on mammal skin is an important study step. Information derived from this test indicates the existence of hazards likely to arise from skin exposure to the test chemical. 

Acute bronchitis Inflammation of the tubes that carry air into the lungs Acute dermal toxicity Adverse effects occurring within a short time of dermal application of a singular dose of a test chemical Acute exposure Exposure to chemical substances for 14 days duration or less, as specified in the protocol... 

Occasionally, an abnormally intense anterior segment inflammatory reaction occurs within the first 5 days after cataract extraction and can be characterized according to etiology as endophthalmitis, toxic iritis, or aseptic iritis. Endophthalmitis is discussed later in the chapter. Toxic iritis is usually produced by implanned intraocular introduction of drugs or chemicals acute aseptic hitis is caused by surgical trauma to the iris or ciliary body or (occasionally) by particulate foreign material inadvertently introduced at the time of surgery. 

Fanconi anemia Repair of double-strand breaks by homologous recombination DNA cross-linking agents, reactive oxidant chemicals Acute myeloid leukemia, squamous-ceU carcinomas Developmental abnormalities including infertility and deformities of the skeleton anemia... 

EkwaU, B, Bondesson, 1, CateU, J.V., Gomez-Lechon, M. J., Heiberg, S., Hogberg, J. Jover, R., Ponsoda, X., Rommert, L., Stenberg, KL., Walum, E. (1989) Cytoxocity evaluation of the first ten MEIC chemicals Acute lethal toxicity in man predicted by cytotoxicity in five ceUular assays and by oral LD50 tests in rodents. ATLA 17 83-100. 

OECD guideline (1997) for the testing of chemicals. Acute dermal irritation study in human volunteers Opdyke DLJ (1976) Inhibition of sensitisation reactions induced by certain aldehydes. Food Cosmetic Toxicol 14 197-198 Ponec M (1996) In vitro models to predict skin irritation. In van der Valk PGM, Maibach HI (eds) The irritant contact dermatitis syndrome. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 335-341 Serup J, Jemec GBE (1995) Handbook of non-invasive methods and the skin. CRC Press, Boca Raton Simion FA (1996) In vivo models to predict skin irritation. In van der Valk PGM, Maibach HI (eds) The irritant contact dermatitis syndrome. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 329-334 Wahiberg JE (1992) Hardening. Contact Dermatitis 26 359... 

The third of the major hazards and the one with the greatest disaster potential is the release of toxic chemicals. The hazard posed by toxic release depends not only on the chemical species but also on the conditions of exposure. The high disaster potential from toxic release arises in situations where large numbers of people are briefly exposed to high concentrations of toxic material, i.e., acute exposure. However, the long-term health risks associated with prolonged exposure at low concentrations, i.e., chronic exposure, also present serious hazards. 

Eastman Chemical Co., BASF, Mitsubishi Gas, and Union Carbide are manufacturers of this glycol. The U.S. price in June 1993 was 2.97/kg. Toxicity. Acute toxicity data for (9) appear in Table 2. 

Health and Safety Factors. Terephthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 4 wk produced no fatahties at a dust exposure level of 25 mg/m. The mean acute oral toxicity for rats is over 18 g/kg (86), and for mice over 6 g/kg (87). When terephthahc acid was fed as 3% of the diet to rats, urinary calcuh formed in 90 d, some of which led to cancer. High doses of terephthahc acid lead to formation of calcium terephthalate at levels exceeding its solubihty in urine. This insoluble material leads to the calcuh and provides a threshold below which cancer is not observed (88). Normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with terephthahc acid. If ventilation is inadequate, a toxic-dust respirator should be used to avoid prolonged exposure. 

Investigating Chemical Process Incidents Auditing Process Safety Management Systems Making Acute Risk Decisions... 

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