Characteristically hazardous existing chemical

LDRs specified in RCRA required EPA to develop treatment standards for hazardous chemical waste and established deadlines for EPA to develop treatment standards for those wastes for which treatment standards did not exist. Congress divided LDR hazardous waste into several categories solvents and dioxins California listed wastes first, second, and third listed wastes and characteristically hazardous wastes. 

Significant parts of the existing waste classification systems are based on intrinsic properties of waste. The system for subclassifying low-level waste in 10 CFR Part 61 (NRC, 1982a) and the determination of whether a chemical waste is characteristically hazardous (see Section 4.2.1.1) are examples of waste classification based on intrinsic properties. 

The acute dermal irritation is the study of reversible inflammatory changes in the skin of test animals following the application of a test chemical. Acute dermal corrosion is the study of irreversible tissue damages in the skin following the application of a test chemical. In the evaluation of toxic characteristics of a chemical, determination of the irritant or corrosive effects on mammal skin is an important study step. Information derived from this test indicates the existence of hazards likely to arise from skin exposure to the test chemical. 

What do we mean when we speak of an inherently safer chemical process Inherent has been defined as existing in something as a permanent and inseparable element, quality, or attribute (American College Dictionary, 1967). A chemical manufacturing process is inherently safer if it reduces or eliminates the hazards associated with materials and operations used in the process, and this reduction or elimination is permanent and inseparable. To appreciate this definition fully, it is essential to understand the precise meaning of the word hazard. A hazard is defined as a physical or chemical characteristic that has the potential for causing harm to people, the environment, or property (adapted from CCPS, 1992). The key to this definition is that the hazard is intrinsic to the material, or to its conditions of storage or use. Some specific examples of hazards include ... 

Reactive hazard evaluations should be made on all new processes as well as existing processes on a periodic basis. There is no substitute for experience, good judgement, and good data when evaluating potential hazards. Reviews in process chemistry should include (a) reactions, (b) side reactions, (c) heat of reaction, (d) potential pressure buildup, and (e) intermediate streams. Reactive chemicals test data should be reviewed for evidence of flammability characteristics, exotherms, shock sensitivity, or other evidence of instability. Examine Planned operation of the process should be examined, especially for... 

Any of the additives in a plastic or rubber material, outlined above, can cause the evolution of other chemicals, indirectly, through specific chemical reactions (chemical interaction) between the additives and some of the chemicals existing in the material with which they are in contact. Interaction chemicals are products of those additives that migrate and interact, and they can be hazardous, while their formulae and characteristics, as well as concentrations, cannot easily be known, hence, they can raise another critical issue to consider, in particular in the case of food-packaging plastics and food-contact rubbers. 

Due to the existence of different adhesive systems and the potential hazards associated with each system, there are different types of pack ing as well as stor e conditions and shelf fives. Adhesives can be differentiated based on specific criterion and properties. In the literature, one can find various classifications based on the assembly process, delivery form, adhesion mechanism, or application. Within the same adhesive group, the adhesives can be further differentiated based on their physical states or characteristics liquid, paste, or solid (throi viscosity measurements and rheological characterization), and solvent based, water based, or those without volatile content (through solid content measurements). Another classification can be made based on the adhesion mechanism physically dried adhesives from solution, solidified hot-melt adhesive, or chemically cross-linked single- and two-component reactive adhesives. 

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