Ceramic industry

A good example of the filtration of hard, abrasive materials is the application of ceramic membranes in the cleaning of waste water of the ceramic industry [33]. Waste water in this industry typically contains clay, sand, glazes, etc. The use of microfiltration allows for the return of solids to the production 

Similar flux values are reported by Hoogland et al. [34] in the filtration of Si02-slurries with Norton Ceraflo membranes (0.2 pm). They clearly show that at a pH value of about 7, flux is at a minimum. However this minimum flux is much less time-dependent than flux at higher or lower pH at pH = 7 the flux decreases from 390 to 2251/m h in the first hour, whereas at pH = 2.5 the flux decreases from 1630 to 5501/m h in the same time. 

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Simple examples of WLN are C2H5OH is Q2 CH3C0 0CH3 is IVOl For branch chain and fused ring structures rules determine the order of notation. It is claimed that over 50% of all organic structures can be represented by less than 25 characters, witherite, BaCOj. The white mineral form of barium carbonate. Used as a source of Ba compounds and in the brick and ceramic industries. 

Jones J T and Berard M F 1972 Ceramics Industrial Processing and Testing (Ames, lA The Iowa State University Press) pp 14-38... 

Acryhc modifiers for cement impact strength and adhesion to substrates are discussed in reference 211. Both water-soluble acryhc and acryhc emulsion polymers are used in the ceramic industry as temporary binders, deflocculants, and additive components in ceramic bodies and glazes (212) (see Ceramcs). 

Approximately 40% of the U.S. electronic ceramics industry is represented by ferroelectrics. Table 3 shows U.S. consumption of ceramic capacitors and piezoelectric materials (109). 

Uses. Lithium fluoride is used primarily in the ceramic industry to reduce firing temperatures and improve resistance to thermal shock, abrasion, and acid attack (see Ceramics). Another use of LiF is in flux compositions with other fluorides, chlorides, and borates for metal joining (17) (see Solders). 

Hexafluorozirconic acid is used ia metal finishing and cleaning of metal surfaces, whereas the fluorozirconates are used in the manufacture of abrasive grinding wheels, in aluminum metallurgy, ceramics industry, glass manufacturing, in electrolytic cells, in the preparation of fluxes, and as a fire retardant (see Abrasives Metal surface treati nts). 

Low Soda Hydroxide. Tlie Na20 content of nomial Bayer hydroxide is around 0.2—0.4%, 0.1% of wliich can be removed by thorough wasliing. Tlie remaining soda is trapped within the hydroxide crystal. Experience shows that the occluded soda content is reduced when cry staUization is carried out under low aluniina-supersaturation conditions and at relatively higher temperatures (80—95°C). Soda contents as low as 0.05% Na20 can be obtained by tliis procedure. However, these conditions also reduce hydroxide ield and thus increase the production cost. Low soda aluminum hydroxide is generally employed in the production of aluminas for the ceramics industries. 

In the glass (qv) and ceramic industry (see Ceramics), barite can be used both as a flux, to promote melting at a lower temperature or to increase the production rate, and as an additive to increase the refractive index of glass. The viscosity of barite-containing glass often needs to be raised. Alumina in the form of feldspar is sometimes used. To offset any color produced by iron from the barite addition, more decolorizer may be needed. When properly used, barytes help reduce seed, increase toughness and brilliancy, and reduce annealing time. Barite is also a raw material for the manufacture of other barium chemicals. 

The white cast irons and their low alloys have good abrasion resistance properties [2,3]. White cast irons are used for grinding balls, segments for mill liners and slurry pumps. In the ceramic industry they are used for muller tyres and augers in the pulp and paper industry for attrition mill plates and chip feeders and in the paint industry for balls for grinding pigments. 

The uses in the glass and ceramics industries reflect the diagonal relation between boron and silicon and the similarity of vitreous borate and silicate networks (pp. 203, 206 and 347). In the UK and continental Europe (but not in the USA or Japan) sodium perborate (p. 206) is a major constituent of washing powders since it hydrolyses to H2O2 and acts as a bleaching agent in very hot water ( 90°C) in the USA domestic washing machines rarely operate above 70°, at which temperature perborates are ineffective as bleaches. 

Other uses of HCI are legion and range from the purification of fine silica for the ceramics industry, and the refining of oils, fats and waxes, to the manufacture of chloroprene mbbers, PVC plastics, industrial solvents and organic intermediates, the production of viscose rayon yam and staple fibre, and the wet processing of textiles (where hydrochloric acid is used as a sour to neutralize residual alkali and remove metallic and other impurities). 

All ceramic materials are elastic, and hence show very little bending under load. They do not exhibit any creep under load. The modulus of rupture type of test is the routine test most commonly used in the ceramic industry, and gives the figure generally quoted for the strength of the material. It must be remembered that the value obtained for any particular body depends on the cross-sectional area of the test piece thus figures quoted from test results may be higher than those obtained on actual articles, which usually have a thicker section than the test piece. 

Lelonis, D. A., Boron Nitride Tackles the Tough Ones, Ceramic Industry, pp. 57-60 (April 1989)... 

Slip casting is common in the ceramics industry. The material to be cast is milled to a mean particle size of a few microns. A slip is made by mixing the finely divided material with a liquid suspending medium. The slip is then poured into a suitable mold (e.g., of plaster of pans). The liquid in the slip is drawn into the mold by capillary forces and the solids are deposited in a coherent form. For TiBj, ZrBj and CrBj a suspending medium of 5-7 wt% cyclopentadiene in xylene is recommended. A 3 wt% aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose is the best dispersing medium... 

Arsenic G S P A Arsine Arsenous acid and salts Pigment and dye Pesticide and herbicide production Metallurgical processing of other metals Glass and ceramics industries Tanneries... 

Used industrially as welding flux, wood preservative, and in the ceramic industry. 

Used in the ceramics industry and as a chemical intermediate for arsenic pharmaceuticals and arsenic insecticides. 

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