Central nervous system spinal cord

The number of so-called nodes of Ranvier (Figure 6.29) determines the transmission speed within the nerve pathway which can be measured by means of myography . Table 6.2 lists a number of transmission speeds in various nerve pathways. In the central nervous system (spinal cord and... 

Neurotensin. This hormone has been isolated and characterized from acid—acetone extracts of bovine hypothalamus (118) on the basis of its hypotensive activity. Immunoreactive neurotensin is present in mammalian gut and is distributed throughout the central nervous system its highest concentration is in the hypothalamus and in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord (119). Its overall brain distribution is not unlike that of enkephalin ( ) ... 

Central chambered system A combination of components in a dedicated chamber. Central nervous system (CNS) The system of the body composed of the brain and spinal cord, which controls important body functions. 

CNS (Central Nervous System). The brain and the spinal cord. CNS stimulant. A drug that counteracts fatigue and somnolence. 

Etiology Trauma, viral infections, ischemia, inflammation, genetic defects Neuropathy, genetic defects Peripheral inflammation, peripheral neuropathy, trauma, genetic defects, spinal cord injury, inflammation in the central nervous system ... 

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and the spinal cord. The CNS processes information to and from the peripheral nervous system and is the center of coordination and control for the entire body. Many dru stimulate die CNS, but only a few are used therapeutically. This chapter discusses die drills diat stimulate the CNS and the nursing implications related to dieir administration. 

The distribution of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate was evaluated in the brains of cats given a single intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg endosulfan (Khanna et al. 1979). Peak concentrations of endosulfan in the brain were found at the earliest time point examined (15 minutes after administration) and then decreased. When tissue levels were expressed per gram of tissue, little differential was observed in distribution among the brain areas studied. However, if endosulfan levels were expressed per gram of tissue lipid, higher initial levels were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum than in the spinal cord and brainstem. Loss of endosulfan was most rapid from those areas low in Upid. Endosulfan sulfate levels peaked in the brain at 1 hour postadministration. In contrast, endosulfan sulfate levels in liver peaked within 15 minutes postadministration. The time course of neurotoxic effects observed in the animals in this study corresponded most closely with endosulfan levels in the central nervous system tissues examined. 

Figure 9.1 The distribution of 5-HT neurons in the brain. The cell bodies are clustered in nuclei (B1-B7) in the pons/upper medullary regions of the brainstem. The rostral cluster ( superior group ) project mainly to forebrain areas while the caudal ( inferior ) group projects mainly to the medulla and spinal cord. Collectively, these neurons innervate most regions of the central nervous system...

Association of Pain, neuropathic pain is defined as pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion, dysfunction in the nervous system". Neuropathy can be divided broadly into peripheral and central neuropathic pain, depending on whether the primary lesion or dysfunction is situated in the peripheral or central nervous system. In the periphery, neuropathic pain can result from disease or inflammatory states that affect peripheral nerves (e.g. diabetes mellitus, herpes zoster, HIV) or alternatively due to neuroma formation (amputation, nerve transection), nerve compression (e.g. tumours, entrapment) or other injuries (e.g. nerve crush, trauma). Central pain syndromes, on the other hand, result from alterations in different regions of the brain or the spinal cord. Examples include tumour or trauma affecting particular CNS structures (e.g. brainstem and thalamus) or spinal cord injury. Both the symptoms and origins of neuropathic pain are extremely diverse. Due to this variability, neuropathic pain syndromes are often difficult to treat. Some of the clinical symptoms associated with this condition include spontaneous pain, tactile allodynia (touch-evoked pain), hyperalgesia (enhanced responses to a painful stimulus) and sensory deficits. 

Tso and Lam suggested that astaxanthin could be useful for prevention and treatment of neuronal damage associated with age-related macular degeneration and may also be effective in treating ischemic reperfusion injury, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, spinal cord injuries, and other types of central nervous system injuries. Astaxanthin was found to easily cross the blood-brain barrier and did not form crystals in the eye. 

Neuropathic pain is defined as spontaneous pain and hypersensitivity to pain associated with damage to or pathologic changes in the peripheral nervous system as in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), polyneuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) or pain originating in the central nervous system (CNS), that which occurs with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Functional pain, a relatively newer concept, is pain sensitivity due to an abnormal processing or function of the central nervous system in response to normal stimuli. Several conditions considered to have this abnormal sensitivity or hyperresponsiveness include fibromyalgia and irritable bowel syndrome. 

The barbiturates are effective against convulsions induced experimentally from all central locations, the cerebrum, medulla, or spinal cord. They may be used clinically as well as experimentally to suppress most, if not all, varieties of convulsions of central origin (3). Since they are effective in the prevention of the tremors, tonic and clonic convulsions, and in the restoration of normal respiration from the Cheyne-Stokes type, produced by chlordan, it appears that these symptoms may have their origin in the central nervous system. 

Another very important site for drug delivery is the central nervous system (CNS). The blood-brain barrier presents a formidable barrier to the effective delivery of most agents to the brain. Interesting work is now advancing in such areas as direct convective delivery of macromolecules (and presumably in the future macromolecular drug carriers) to the spinal cord [238] and even to peripheral nerves [239]. For the interested reader, the delivery of therapeutic molecules into the CNS has also been recently comprehensively reviewed... 

Many different types of sensory receptors are located throughout the body. These receptors monitor the status of the internal environment or that of the surroundings. Sensory receptors are sensitive to specific types of stimuli and measure the value of a physiological variable. For example, arterial baroreceptors measure blood pressure and chemoreceptors measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood. The information detected by these sensors then travels by way of afferent neuronal pathways to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is the integrative portion of the nervous system and consists of the (1) brain and the (2) spinal cord. 

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brainstem and 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord. These peripheral nerves carry information between the CNS and the tissues of the body. The PNS consists of two divisions ... 

Anatomically, the human nervous system may be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The major subdivision of the central nervous system is into the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the motor or efferent system (efferent = away from ), and the sensory or afferent (afferent = toward ) nervous systems (Figure 2.1). 

The second most documented toxicological effect occurs between OTC and the central nervous system. TMT causes cell loss in the central nervous system and TET causes brain and spinal cord edema. Brain retention of the organotin moiety increased as follows ... 

By immunohistochemistry, a- and p-synucleins are concentrated in nerve terminals, with little staining of somata and dendrites. Ultrastructurally, they are found in close proximity to synaptic vesicles. In contrast,y-synuclein is present throughout nerve cells in many brain regions. In rat, a-synuclein is most abundant throughout telencephalon and diencephalon, with lower levels in more caudal regions. P-Synuclein is distributed fairly evenly throughout the central nervous system, whereas y-synuclein is most abundant in midbrain, pons and spinal cord, with much lower levels in forebrain areas. 

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