Cellulose acrylamide

Cellulose Acrylamide Application in paper making industry. [188,... 

Electrophoretic separation techniques involve a good deal of instrumentation and also involve free-boundary electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis on celluloses acrylamide, and so forth, as well as isoelectric focusing techniques. 

Onishi, Y. Butler,G.B. Hogen-Esch,T.E. (2004). 1,2-propanediol-cellulose-acrylamide graft copolymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,92,3022-3029. 

Many of these reactions are reversible, and for the stronger nucleophiles they usually proceed the fastest. Typical examples are the addition of ammonia, amines, phosphines, and bisulfite. Alkaline conditions permit the addition of mercaptans, sulfides, ketones, nitroalkanes, and alcohols to acrylamide. Good examples of alcohol reactions are those involving polymeric alcohols such as poly(vinyl alcohol), cellulose, and starch. The alkaline conditions employed with these reactions result in partial hydrolysis of the amide, yielding mixed carbamojdethyl and carboxyethyl products. 

Copolymers of diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride [7398-69-8] with acrylamide have been used in electroconductive coatings (155). Copolymers with acrylamide made in activated aqueous persulfate solution have flocculating activity increasing with molecular weight (156). DADM ammonium chloride can be grafted with cellulose from concentrated aqueous solution catalysis is by ammonium persulfate (157). Diallyl didodecylammonium bromide [96499-24-0] has been used for preparation of polymerized vesicles (158). 

Either of these stmctures can react further with caustic to give the acrylamide reactive group, dye—NHCOCH=CH2, which bonds with cellulose to give the more stable P-propionamide derivative. 

At a somewhat more basic level, both agarose and acrylamide gel systems have been used for direct immunofixation. In these gels, samples are electrophoresed and then immunofixed by either using stnps of cellulose acetate soaked in an antibody or the antibody is placed direcdy over the sample area of the gel. 

Beaded acrylamide resins (28) are generally produced by w/o inverse-suspension polymerization. This involves the dispersion of an aqueous solution of the monomer and an initiator (e.g., ammonium peroxodisulfates) with a droplet stabilizer such as carboxymethylcellulose or cellulose acetate butyrate in an immiscible liquid (the oil phase), such as 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, or a liquid paraffin. A polymerization catalyst, usually tetramethylethylenediamine, may also be added to the monomer mixture. The polymerization of beaded acrylamide resin is carried out at relatively low temperatures (20-50°C), and the polymerization is complete within a relatively short period (1-5 hr). The polymerization of most acrylamides proceeds at a substantially faster rate than that of styrene in o/w suspension polymerization. The problem with droplet coagulation during the synthesis of beaded polyacrylamide by w/o suspension polymerization is usually less critical than that with a styrene-based resin. 

This reaction is utilized by Burrows et al. [70] to photoinitiate grafting of acrylamide, acrylic acid, methacrylamide, and acrylonitrile on cellulose triacetate in acidic aqueous solution. 

By using this technique acrylamide, acrylonitrile, and methyl acrylate were grafted onto cellulose [20]. In this case, oxidative depolymerization of cellulose also occurs and could yield short-lived intermediates [21]. They [21] reported an electron spin resonance spectroscopy study of the affects of different parameters on the rates of formation and decay of free radicals in microcrystalline cellulose and in purified fibrous cotton cellulose. From the results they obtained, they suggested that ceric ions form a chelate with the cellulose molecule, possibly, through the C2 and C3 hydroxyls of the anhy-droglucose unit. Transfer of electrons from the cellulose molecule to Ce(IV) would follow, leading to its reduction... 

Another binary mixture, namely, (acrylic acid/ acrylamide) was grafted onto carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) [25]. 

Several authors have discussed the ion exchange potentials and membrane properties of grafted cellulose [135,136]. Radiation grafting of anionic and cationic monomers to impart ion exchange properties to polymer films and other structures is rather promising. Thus, grafting of acrylamide and acrylic acid onto polyethylene, polyethylene/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a blend [98], and waste rubber powder [137,138], allows... 

Partial carboxymethylation of wood pulp significantly increases its susceptibility toward grafting with acrylonitrile using the ceric ion as the initiator 146]. Studies dealing with grafting of various vinyl monomers, such as acrylonitrile, methylmethacrylate, and acrylamide, onto partially carboxymethylated cotton cellulose using tetravalent cerium as the initiator have been reported [47]. 

Carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol Combination of a cellulose ether with clay Amide-modified carboxyl-containing polysaccharide Sodium aluminate and magnesium oxide Thermally stable hydroxyethylcellulose 30% ammonium or sodium thiosulfate and 20% hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) Acrylic acid copolymer and oxyalkylene with hydrophobic group Copolymers acrylamide-acrylate and vinyl sulfonate-vinylamide Cationic polygalactomannans and anionic xanthan gum Copolymer from vinyl urethanes and acrylic acid or alkyl acrylates 2-Nitroalkyl ether-modified starch Polymer of glucuronic acid... 

High fluid injection rates are often required. For this reason, friction reducers are often used in acid fracturing. These include polyacrylamide and acrylamide copolymers, guar gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and karaya gum (108)... 

The supports employed for covalent attachment of enzymes can be classified into two groups a) natural (agarose, dextran, cellulose, porous glass, silica, the optical fiber itself or alumina) and b) synthetic (acrylamide-... 

The reaction between cellulose and acrylamide was studied by quantitative, chromatographic separation of the substituted D-glucoses obtained on acid hydrolysis of the reaction product,320 followed by an analysis by Spurlin s method.249 Although, apparently, no check was made on the stability of the ethers to the conditions of hydrolysis, it might be expected that the ethers would isomerize only under basic conditions. The ratios of the relative equilibrium-constants for reaction at 0-2, 0-3, and 0-6 were 9 1 19, and these are attributable to the high, relative stability of the primary ether, together with the low reactivity of 0-3, also observed in rate-controlled reactions. 

Preparative electrophoresis on Sephadex G-25 (Ref. 168) or double isoelectric focusing,208 preceded by chromatography on Sephadex G-75, CM-cellulose, and calcium phosphate, was used for the isolation of endo-D-galacturonanase from the filtrate of a Verticillium albo-atrum culture. The homogeneity was confirmed in both cases by electrophoresis on poly(acrylamide) gel. The molecular weight of the enzyme was close to the values found for Aspergillus endo-D-galacturonanases. 

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