1,3-Propanediol,cellulose

Onishi, Y. Butler,G.B. Hogen-Esch,T.E. (2004). 1,2-propanediol-cellulose-acrylamide graft copolymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,92,3022-3029. 

Other. 2-Nitro-1-butanol is an excellent solvent for many polyamide resins, cellulose acetate butyrate, and ethylceUulose. It can be utilized in paint removers for epoxy-based coatings. 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol is usebil for control of odors in chemical toilets. Its slow release of formaldehyde ensures prolonged action to control odor, and there is no reodorant problem which sometimes is associated with the use of free formaldehyde. 2-Hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-l,3-propanediol solutions are effective preservative and embalming fluids. The slow Uberation of formaldehyde permits thorough penetration of the tissues before hardening. 

Plasticizers can be classified according to their chemical nature. The most important classes of plasticizers used in rubber adhesives are phthalates, polymeric plasticizers, and esters. The group phthalate plasticizers constitutes the biggest and most widely used plasticizers. The linear alkyl phthalates impart improved low-temperature performance and have reduced volatility. Most of the polymeric plasticizers are saturated polyesters obtained by reaction of a diol with a dicarboxylic acid. The most common diols are propanediol, 1,3- and 1,4-butanediol, and 1,6-hexanediol. Adipic, phthalic and sebacic acids are common carboxylic acids used in the manufacture of polymeric plasticizers. Some poly-hydroxybutyrates are used in rubber adhesive formulations. Both the molecular weight and the chemical nature determine the performance of the polymeric plasticizers. Increasing the molecular weight reduces the volatility of the plasticizer but reduces the plasticizing efficiency and low-temperature properties. Typical esters used as plasticizers are n-butyl acetate and cellulose acetobutyrate. 

By March 1, 1957, the aminoethylation of the following materials and compds had been achieved by the Wyandotte Chemicals Corp cellulose, cellulose derivatives, regenerated c el lu los e, 2-hydroxym ethy 1-2-nitr o-1,3-propanediol, nylon, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylchloride, protein(wool), starch and toluene diisocyanate... 

Zhang S. and Horrocks, A.R. 2003. Substantive intumescence from phosphorylated 1,3-propanediol derivatives substituted on to cellulose. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 90( 12) 3165—3172. 

Other Uses of Ethylene Oxide. About 2 percent of ethylene oxide is consumed in miscellaneous applications, such as its use as a raw material in manufacture of choline, ethylene chlorohydrin, hydroxyethyl starch, and hydrox-yethyl cellulose and its direct use as a fumigant/ sterilant. Production of 1,3-propanediol via hydroformylation of ethylene oxide was begun on a commercial scale in 1999. 1,3-Propanediol is a raw material for polytrimethylene terephthalate, which finds uses in fibers, injection molding, and in film. Use of ethylene oxide in making 1,3-propanediol is expected to be as much as 185 million lb by 2004, up from 12 million lb in 1999. 

Other sorbents that have also been used for separating steroids in TLC are cellulose, kieselguhr, alumina, polyamide, magnesium oxide, and celite. An-drostanes can be analyzed using cellulose layers impregnated with 1,2 propanediol. Layers consisting of alumina and magnesium oxide can be used to separate some sterols and sterol acetates. 

Stability of nitrate esters is a factor to decide if they can be long-term stored [44]. Because of their structure, they could be decomposed by hydrolysis and spontaneously burned to cause explosion. The higher the purity of esters is, the lower the risk of decomposition is. The stability depends on the chemical structure of nitrate esters. For example, the stability for most pure nitrate esters, such as methylene glycol dinitrate, nitroglycerine, glycol dinitrate, 1,3-propanediol dinitrate, pentae-rythritol tetranitrate, and cellulose nitrate, is acceptably high. 

A biocatalytic system for converting biomass to industrial chemicals is not only applicable to enzymatic conversions but also to fermentative conversion using cellulose. We report here three examples of fermentative conversion of cellulose to chemicals namely 1,3 propanediol, lactic acid, and succinic acid. 

Figure 6 Biocatalytic conversion and concomitant fermentation of cellulose to 1, 3-Propanediol...

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