Cell differentiation, modulation

Phosphorylation is the reversible process of introducing a phosphate group onto a protein. Phosphorylation occurs on the hydroxyamino acids serine and threonine or on tyrosine residues targeted by Ser/Thr kinases and tyrosine kinases respectively. Dephosphorylation is catalyzed by phosphatases. Phosphorylation is a key mechanism for rapid posttranslational modulation of protein function. It is widely exploited in cellular processes to control various aspects of cell signaling, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell survival, cell metabolism, cell motility, and gene transcription. 

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The conformation and orientation of adsorbed proteins has been examined with monoclonal antibodies that recognize a specific site in a protein of interest. Keselowsky et al. examined the conformation of Fn adsorbed to SAMs that carried methyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine groups [79]. They used monoclonal antibodies that recognized the central cell-binding domain of Fn near the RGD motif. Different SAM functionalities differentially modulated the binding affinities of the monoclonal antibodies (OH > COOH = NH2 > CH3). The strength of cell adhesion to these... 

The differentiation, growth and division of eukaryotic cells is modulated by various influences, of which growth factors are amongst the most important for many cell types. A wide range of polypeptide growth factors have been identified (Table 10.1) and more, undoubtedly, remain to be characterized. Factors that inhibit cell growth also exist. For example, interferons and TNF inhibit proliferation of various cell types. 

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Ramer-Quinn, D.S., Baker, R.A., and Sanders, V.M., Activated T helper 1 and T helper 2 cells differentially express the P-2-adrenergic receptor A mechanism for selective modulation of T helper 1 cell cytokine production, J. Immunol., 159, 4857,1997. 

Neal AP, Yuan Y, Atchison WD (2010) Allethrin differentially modulates voltage-gated calcium channel subtypes in rat PC12 cells. Toxicol Sci 116 604—613... 

L. Zampieri, P. Bianchi, P. Ruff, and P. Arbuthnot. Differential modulation by estradiol of P-glycoprotein drug resistance protein expression in cultured MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 22 2253-2259 (2002). 

Susceptibility to dmg-induced apoptosis correlates with differential modulation of Bad, Bcl-2 and Bc1-Xl protein levels. Cell Death and Differentiation 7 574-586. 

Neugebauer, V., Chen, P. S., Willis, W. D. Groups II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors differentially modulate brief and prolonged nociception in primate STT cells, J. Neurophysiol. 2000, 84, 2998-3009. 

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Bhaumik S, Jyothi MD, Khar A. 2000. Differential modulation of nitric oxide production by curcumin in host macrophages and NK cells. FEBS Lett 483 78-82. 

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John, L. M., Lechleiter, J. D., and Camacho, P., 1998, Differential modulation of SERCA2 isoforms by calreticulin. J Cell Biol, 142 963-73. 

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