Calcium modulated protein

Kretsinger, R.H. Structure and evolution of calcium-modulated proteins. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 

Nakayama, S., Moncrief, N.D., and Kretsinger, R.H. (1992). Evolution of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins II. Domains of several subfamilies have diverse evolutionary histories. J. Mol. Evol. 34 416-448. 

Donato R. 2001. S100 a multigenic family of calcium-modulated proteins of the EF-hand type with intracellular and extracellular functional roles. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 33(7) 637-668. 

Zimmer DB. 1991. Examination of the calcium-modulated protein S100 alpha and its target proteins in adult and developing skeletal muscle. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 20(4) 325-337. 

Zimmer DB, Van Eldik LJ. 1989. Analysis of the calcium-modulated proteins, S100 and calmodulin, and their target proteins during C6 glioma cell differentiation. J Cell Biol 108(1) 141—151. 

Persechini A, Moncrief ND, Kretsinger RH (1989) The EF-hand family of calcium-modulated proteins. Trends Neurosci /2 462 467. 

The mechanism of action of the vitamin D metabolites remains under active investigation. However, calcitriol is well established as the most potent agent with respect to stimulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate transport and bone resorption. Calcitriol appears to act on the intestine both by induction of new protein synthesis (eg, calcium-binding protein and TRPV6, an intestinal calcium channel) and by modulation of calcium flux across the brush border and basolateral membranes by a means that does not require new protein synthesis. The molecular action of calcitriol on bone has received less attention. However, like PTH, calcitriol can induce RANK ligand in osteoblasts and proteins such as osteocalcin, which may regulate the mineralization process. The metabolites 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D are far less... 

Mueller A, Schafer BW, Ferrari S, Weibel M, Makek M, Hochli M, Heizmann CW. 2005. The calcium binding protein S100A2 interacts with p53 and modulates its transcriptional activity. J Biol Chem. 

Lautermilch NJ, Few AP, Scheuer T, Catterall WA (2005) Modulation of CaV2.1 channels by the neuronal calcium-binding protein visinin-like protein-2. J Neurosci 25 7062-70 Lee A, Westenbroek RE, Haeseleer F, Palczewski K, Scheuer T, Catterall WA (2002) Differential modulation of Ca(v)2.1 channels by calmodulin and Ca2+-binding protein 1. Nat Neurosci 5 ... 

Bigelow, D. J., and Squier, T. C. 2005. Redox modulation of cellular signaling and metabolism through reversible oxidation of methionine sensors in calcium regulatory proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1703 121-134. 

As a result of the action of IP3, [Ca2+], is increased, i.e., the calcium signal is generated. The other product of PIP2 hydrolysis, DG, has been shown to activate a protein kinase (protein kinase C) [8], The DG/protein kinase C pathway appears to function in the modulation of the calcium signal. Protein kinase can phospho-rylate and activate the 5-phosphomonoesterase thereby lowering the IP3 concentration and subsequently decreasing the intracellular free calcium concentration. 

The first class of membranous calcium binding proteins are represented by those proteins involved in the generation and modulation of the calcium signal (Table III). The calcium signal is regulated by the uptake and release of calcium across the three major membrane systems which bound the cytoplasm (the plasma membrane, the... 

The main function of the intracellular calcium binding proteins is to modulate cellular events in response to the calcium signal. Analysis of the sequence of many of the intracellular calcium binding proteins has suggested the existence of two distinct families the EF domain family and the annexin fold family. For completeness, we have grouped the remainder of the intracellular calcium binding proteins into a miscellaneous category. 

Although the primary mode of action of ACTH is via cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase), calcium probably plays a secondary role in enhancing and modulating the action of ACTH via the A-kinase pathway. This is discussed later in the consideration of the interaction of the A-kinase pathway of activation by ACTH and other second messenger systems involving calcium and protein kinase C. 

The calcium binding proteins calbindin D28k, calretinin and parvalbumin are members of a family of proteins characterized by the presence of calcium binding EF-hand motifs, modulated by stimulus-induced increases in cytosolic free calcium ions (Persechini et ah,... 

Calcitriol acts like a steroid hormone, binding to, and activating, nuclear receptors that modulate gene expression. More than 50 genes are known to be regulated by calcitriol (see Table 3.3), but vitamin D response elements have only been identified in a relatively small number, including calcidiol 1-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase calbindin, a calcium binding protein in the... 

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