CD8+ lymphocytes

COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease that results from prolonged and repeated inhalation of particles and gases, chronic (or latent) infection or an interaction of these factors. In many cases, the inflammation persists even when the exposure (in most cases smoking) is stopped. Prominent among the infiltrating leukocytes are neutrophils, CD8+ lymphocytes (Co-receptor for the T-cell receptor. CD8+ is specific for the class IMHC protein. It is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer cells.) and CD68+ monocytic cells (A lysosomal antigen. All cells that rich in... 

Schmitz JE, Kuroda MJ, Santra S, Sasseville VG, Simon MA, lifton MA, Racz P, Tenner-Racz K, Dalesandro M, Scallon BJ, Ghrayeb J, Forman MA, Montefioii DC, Richer EP, Letvin NL, Reimann KA (1999) Control of viremia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection by CD8+ lymphocytes. Science 283 857-860... 

The most common etiology is exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, but other chronic inhalational exposures can also lead to COPD. Inhalation of noxious particles and gases stimulates the activation of neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ lymphocytes, which release a variety of chemical mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-8, and leukotriene B4. These inflammatory cells and mediators lead to widespread destructive changes in the airways, pulmonary vasculature, and lung parenchyma. 

Walker CM, Moody DJ, Stites DP, Levy JA. CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 1986 234(4783) 1563-1566. 

Also epithelial cells—enterocy tes may be APC cells in humans—present antigens to T CD8 lymphocytes, which produce antigen nonspecific TCR (Mayer and Shlien, 1987). In rats, on the other hand, selective immunosuppression has been observed which was dependent on antigen-specific T lymphocytes (Bland and Warren, 1986) releasing TGI P, present in Peyer s patches as soon as within 24-48 h of the intake of small antigen doses (Lider et al., 1989). Occurrence of food tolerance may be due to some haptens, e.g., DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) administered to mice orally, according to Galliaerde et al. (1995). 

Vitamin C, which also stimulates the immune system, can inhibit the process of neoplasia, raises the amount of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in blood, stimulates functions of phagocytes, activity of NK cells, and production of cytokines and antibodies (Benzie 1999, Szponar and Respondek 1998). 

Tsang PH, Chu FN, Fischbein A, et al. 1988. Impairments in functional subsets of T-suppressor (CD8) lymphocytes, monocytes, and natural killer cells among asbestos-exposed workers. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 47 323-332. 

Figure 1 Small airways in COPD patients. The airway wall is thickened and infiltrated with inflammatory cells, predominately macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes, with increased numbers of fibroblasts. In severe COPD, lymphoid follicles are observed, which consist of a central core of B-lymphocytes, surrounded by T-lymphocytes and are thought to indicate chronic exposure to antigens (bacterial, viral, or autoantigens). Similar changes are also reported in larger airways. The lumen is often filled with an inflammatory exudate and mucus. Peribronchial fibrosis occurs, and it results in progressive and irreversible narrowing of the airway. Airway smooth muscle may be increased slightly.

Elimination of infected macrophages in the lymphocyte reconstituted SCID mouse HTVE model was accompanied by diminished infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes in the... 

Genel, F., Unal, F., Ozgenc, F., Aksu, G., Aydogdu, S., Kutukculer, N., Yagci, R.V. Decreased ratio of CD4 / CD8 lymphocytes might be predictive for successful interferon alpha and lamivudine combined therapy in childhood chronic hepatitis B infection A preliminary study. X. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2003 18 645-650... 

Correia O, Delgado L, Ramos JP, Resende C, Torrinha JA. Cutaneous T-cell recruitment in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Further evidence of CD8+ lymphocyte involvement. Arch Dermatol 1993 129(4) 466-8. 

CD8+ lymphocytes to refer to cytotoxic T cells and CD4+ lymphocytes to refer to helper T cells. 

Kava dermatopathy in association with traditional use of kava is well described in the literature (3). In addition, two cases of dermopathy have recently been associated with commercially available kava products (26). A 70-year-old man who had been using kava as an antidepressant for 2-3 weeks experienced itching, and later erythematous, infiltrated plaques on his chest, back, and face after several hours of sun exposure. Skin biopsy revealed CD8 lymphocytic infiltration with destruction of the sebaceous glands and lower infundibula. A 52-year-old woman presented with papules and plaques on her face, chest, back, and arms after taking a kava extract for 3 weeks. Skin biopsy revealed an infiltrate in the reticular dermis with disruption and necrosis of the... 

To fuUy activate the CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte requires CD4+ T-lymphocyte activation, namely, the THi subset, and its subsequent secretion of IL-2 (Eig. 84-4A). This model of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation requires the close proximity of two rare- antigen-specific T-lymphocytes. In addition, some CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses can occur in the absence of CD4+ T-lymphocytes. New data suggest that CD4+ T-lymphocytes can ac-tivate/prime APCs through CD40. This interaction primes the APC (e.g., dendritic cell) to fuUy activate CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (see Pig. 84-4S). It is important to remember that the classification of CD4+ lymphocytes as T-helper lymphocytes and CD8+ lymphocytes as T-cytotoxic lymphocytes is not an absolute. Some CD8+ T-lymphocytes secrete cytokines similar to a T-helper lymphocyte, and some CD4+ T-lymphocytes can act as cytotoxic cells. 

Figure 2.3-1 Immunohostochemistry of mouse thymus double staining of cytokera-tin/CD3 lymphocytes and CD4/CD8 lymphocytes. Peroxidase (PO) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were used as the label for the secondary antibody. PO was visualized by H2O2 and diaminobenzidine, while AP by AS-MX phosphate and fast blue as the substrate and chromogen, respectively. DP double positive SP single positive.

Figure 9.2-5 shows an example of lymphocyte subsets in dams throughout pregnancy and in fetuses (cord blood). At GD 100, the percent of T and B lymphocytes in the blood is similar in the dams and the fetuses, but the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ lymphocytes is greater in the fetuses than in the dams. The greater proportion of CD4+ T cells versus CD8+ T cells in blood is consistent with the previously published immunophenotypic studies of the macaque spleen but not of the thymus (Hendrickx et al., 2002, 2005). In cynomolgus macaque blood there is no change in the percent of CD4+/CD8+ cells from 2 months of age postpartum to 6 months of age, and the ratios are similar to those seen in the adult (Martin et al., 2007). 

In the thymus of transgenic mice in which LIF is overexpressed in T cells, cortical CD4+CD8+ lymphocytes are lost, while numerous B cell follicles develop (Shen et al., 1994). Moreover, peripheral lymph nodes contain a vastly expanded CD4+CD8+ lymphocyte population, and the thymic epithelium is profoundly disorganized. This is consistent with the idea that disruption of stroma-... 

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Phenotype and Effector Functions of Porcine cd8(+) Lymphocytes./ATatr 131 237(1-2377 (2001). 

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