Cattle intramuscular injection

Adult rations contained equivalent of 5 mg famphur/kg BW daily Adults given equivalent of 5 mg famphur/kg BW daily Adults given equivalent of 5 mg/kg BW daily for 10 days, administered as a 33%-feed premix Intramuscular injection 15 mg/kg BW Hereford steers and calves, Angus cows to control cattle grubs (Hypoderma lineatum,... 

Famphur is administered to livestock by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, through the diet, as a dermal pour-on, or as an oral bolus. In mammals, famphur induced mortality at concentrations as low as 11.6 mg/kg BW in intraperitoneal injection (mouse), 27 mg/kg BW in a single oral exposure (mouse), >33.3 mg/kg BW in an intramuscular injection (Brahman cattle, Bos indicus), and 400 mg/kg BW in a dermal application (rat, Rattus sp.). Latent effects of famphur exposure were reported in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) hinds 1 year posttreatment (altered blood chemistry). Famphur is rapidly metabolized by mammals. The half-time persistence of famphur and famoxon in subcutaneous fat of cattle after a single pour-on application is 0.9 days and is independent of dose between 25 and 150 mg/kg BW or initial tissue residues between 1.8 and 2.3 mg/kg BW. 

Loomis, E.C. and R.C. Schock. 1978. Comparison of famphur (Warbex) pour-on and intramuscular injectable formulations for cattle grub control, California, 1975-1976. Jour. Med. Entomol. 14 649-651. 

In dairy cattle given gentamicin by a intramuscular injection, intramammary infusion, or intrauterine infusion, milk was free of detectable residues at 60-84 h posttreatment. However, following repeated treatment over a period of 5 days, depletion of gentamicin residues to a concentration less than or equal to 30 ppb appeared at 228 h posttreatment (12). Therefore, illegal and extralabel use of tlie compound is likely to cause residues in milk. 

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is indicated for use via the oral and intramuscular or subcutaneous routes in the treatment of a variety of enteric, respiratory, and other infections of cattle, sheep, swine and poultry. Recommended dosages are 7.5-12.5 mg/kg bw for intramuscular injections and 1-5 mg/bird for subcutaneous injections in poultry. Spectinomycin is frequently combined with lincomycin and administered either intramuscularly at 15 mg/kg bw to calves, sheep, and swine (15), and at... 

The absorption of spectinomycin is poor via the oral route, but rapid and extensive after intramuscular injection. It is not extensively metabolized in animals and rapidly excreted in the urine (16). Following subcutaneous injections of spectinomycin sulfate to cattle, 70-83% of the dose was excreted in the urine and 62-64% of this was parent spectinomycin (17). Several minor metabolites were found in the urine that consisted mostly of dihydroxyspectinomycin and two acetylated isomers, and an unusual ammoniated spectinomycin metabolite and its acetylated derivative. There was also some evidence, but it was not compelling, for a spectinomycin sulfate conjugate. Dihydrospectinomycin and parent spectinomycin were the only identifiable major components found in the liver and the kidney, respectively. Liver and kidney retained the highest concentrations of total residues throughout the 15-day withdrawal period. 

Results of pharmacokinetic studies of streptomycin are in most cases also applicable to dihydrostreptomycin and vice versa. In animals, the absorption of both streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin is poor via the oral route but rapid after intramuscular administration. In cattle, peak serum levels were obtained 1 h after intramuscular injection of either streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin (18), whereas serum concentrations produced in sheep and horses paralleled those obtained in cattle (19). As a result, most of an oral dose is recovered in the feces whereas most of a parenteral dose is recovered in the urine. However, if kidney function is severely impaired, little of an intramuscularly administered dose is excreted in the urine. 

Although it is not a major elimination route following intravenous or intramuscular injection of penicillin G to dairy cattle, milk constitutes a very important route of elimination following intramammary injection since most of the dose enters milk (58, 59). The persistence of residues in milk does depend on the formulation and route of administration, but, in a wide variety of trials, residues were not found to persist beyond 5 days after the end of treatment (59, 60). Transfer of penicillin G from treated to untreated quarters has also been observed... 

Ceftiofiir is absorbed poorly after oral administration but rapidly after intramuscular injection. In all species, ceftiofur was rapidly metabolized to desfuroyl-ceftioftir and fiiroic acid. Desfiiroylceftiofur occurred in the free form in the plasma of treated cattle but was covalently bound to plasma proteins in rats (82). Maximum blood concentrations of ceftiofiir-related residues were achieved within 0.5 and 2 h of dosing. Unmetabolized ceftiofur was generally undetectable in blood within 2-4 h of dosing (83). More than 90% of the administered dose was excreted within 24 h of administration, mostly in urine. Residues in urine and feces were composed primarily of desfiiroylceftiofur and desfiiroylceftiofur cysteine disulfide, with small amounts of unmetabolized ceftiofur. 

After intramuscular injections of radiolabeled ceftiofur to cattle and swine, the compound was absorbed rapidly into the blood and eliminated mostly in urine (84). The tissue in which highest residue concentrations were observed at 12 h after the last dose was the kidney. Most of the radioactivity was found in the form of the microbiologically active primary metabolite, desfiiroylceftiofur, conjugated to macromolecules in plasma and tissues. Desfiiroylceftiofur cysteine was also found in tissues, plasma, and urine, whereas the desfiiroylceftiofur dimer was found in urine. It was suggested that since the binding of desfiiroylceftiofur to biological molecules is reversible, all of the ceftiofiir-related residues that contain the desfuroylceftiofur moiety have the potential to be microbiologically active. 

Residue depletion studies in pigs after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur showed total residue concentrations of 590, 1190, 250, 400, and 1320 ppb in liver, kidney, muscle, skin/fat, and injection site, respectively, at 12 h after dosing. In cattle, intramuscular administration of radiolabeled ceftiofur resulted in total residue concentrations of 1294, 250, 60, and 60 ppb equivalents in liver 3508, 853, 159, and 159 ppb equivalents in kidney 208, 20, 10, and 10 ppb... 

After subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of netobimin into cattle, absorption was rapid but plasma levels of radioactivity were lower than those achieved following oral administration. This indicates that absorption occurred prior to the conversion to albendazole since high levels of parent drug were found in plasma and milk soon after the injection. On the other hand, at 12 h after the injection the parent drug could not be detected at the injection site or in liver. 

Doramectin, unlike ivermectin components, possesses a double bond between C22 and C23 and a cyclohexyl ring on C25. This novel avermectin is intended for use in cattle and sheep in the form of a single subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg bw, or in pigs in the form of a single intramuscular injection at a dosage of 0.3 mg/kg bw (58). 

Diethylcarbamazine has long been used in sheep and especially in cattle for treatment of lungworm infections. Intramuscular injection is the routine... 

Imidocarb is a carbanilide used for treatment and prophylaxis of piroplas-mosis and anaplasmosis. It can be administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection to cattle, sheep, and horse at dosages of 1.2-3.4 mg/kg bw. 

When cattle were given a single intramuscular injection of 3 mg imidocarb/ kg bw, residues in kidney, liver, muscle and at the injection site were 13,600, 16,300, 1500, and 4200 ppb, respectively, at 7 days after dosing, declining to 3200, 3700, 500, and 1700 ppb, respectively, at 28 days after the last dose. In lactating cows given two injections of 3 mg imidocarb/kg bw, 28 days apart, residues in milk were in the range of 604-793 ppb 1 day after the first treatment and these declined to below 10 ppb at 7 days after treatment. 

Isometamidium, a phenanthridium derivative (Fig. 5.7), is a veterinary drug effective for the treatment of trypanosomiasis in cattle, horses, buffaloes, and camels. It is administered by intramuscular injection at dosages in the range 0.5-2 mg/kg bw. 

Norgestomet, a synthetic derivative of progesterone, has been widely used for synchronization of estrous in cattle. It is administered with an intramuscular injection in combination with a subcutaneous ear implant that contains 3 mg norgestomet and is removed after 9-10 days. 

Residue depletion studies in lactating cattle given a single intramuscular injection of 1 g betamethasone/kg bw showed that the concentrations of the parent drug in milk were in the range 3.82-38.22 nmol/L at the first milking, and lower than 1.6 ppb at the seventh milking. 

Following oral administration of radiolabeled furosemide, excretion was reported to be almost complete within 3 days in rats (96-98%) and dogs (98-99%). Rat urine contained 40-50% of the parent drug, 30% 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-anthranilic acid, and four unidentified metabolites that accounted for the rest of the administered radioactivity. In contrast, urine of dog and monkey contained 85% unmetabolized furosemide, 7% 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-anthranilic acid, and the remainder was due to unidentified metabolites. Following intramuscular injection of 5 mg furosemide/kg bw in cattle, the half-life for plasma elimination was estimated at 4.3 h. In contrast, the half-life of furosemide in cattle was reported to be less than 1 h following intravenous administration. 

Carazolol dosing of cattle by intramuscular or intravenous injections gave distribution patterns similar to those seen in pigs. In cattle given a single intramuscular injection of 0.01 mg carazolol/kg bw, residues in tissues depleted to below... 

Clostridium novyi type A, a bacterium that was associated with serious infection during the two World Wars, killed 35 injecting heroin users in Britain and Ireland (49). Clostridium novyi type A is present in soil and dust and is a well-recognized cause of infection in sheep, cattle, and other animals. Contaminated batches of heroin from a common source were believed to be responsible for the recent outbreak. The bacteria were able to survive the process of preparation for injection. All recent cases occurred after intramuscular injection, which provides the requisite anerobic conditions for infection. This was the first time that this organism caused an outbreak of infection in drug injectors. In all, 74 cases with the same clinical features were reported. 

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