Caterpillar Spodoptera

That certain secondary metabolites from plants promote biodiversity has received experimental support. Thus, com, Zea mays, responds to the release of an amino acid ester, volicitin (Table 12.1), by a caterpillar, Spodoptera exigua, with the emission, at the foraging period of the day, of volatile mixtures of indole, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. These attract a caterpillar predator, the female parasitic wasp, Cotesia marginiventris (Albom 1997). 

Our initial studies (25,26) determined the comparative fate of a radiocarbon-labeled preparation of the commonly occurring linear furanocoumarln, xanthotoxln (8-methoxypsoralen) in black swallowtail caterpillars and in fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith) larvae. Black swallowtail caterpillars are known not to be adversely affected by linear furanocoumarlns (22), while Spodoptera spp. avoid such plants as food sources... 

Spodoptera litura (fabricius) tobacco caterpillar larva adult FI, GR repellent ]pT, TTt), ill TT2 ... 

Regulation of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites cannot be seen as separate from the role of these products for the plant. However, in most cases this role is not known. In the case of C. roseus an antifeedant activity against Spodoptora larvae has been reported for vinblastine and catharan-thine 49). A nematocidal effect has been reported for serpentine 50). Antifeedant activity against Spodoptera caterpillars for C. roseus leaf extracts has been described as well 49,51). Luijendijk et al. 52,53) found that besides alkaloids, also nonpolar compounds are involved in the antifeedant... 

The delivery vehicle of fenvalerate-containing insecticides may account for wide variations in toxic action. For example, fenvalerate microcapsules used to control caterpillar pests (Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera liturd) were most effective with tMn-walled capsules and small particles however, significant protection of nontarget organisms, such as fish, occurred with thicker-walled capsules and larger particles. The popularity of commercial synthetic pyrethroids and their widespread replacement of older, more-toxic compounds in various settings... 

Spodoptera litura, 297 Tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, 248 Tortrix spp., 631 Moth... 

Activity M., trichilins, and azadirachtanin have strong antifeedant effects on insects, they cause growth impairments in, e. g., caterpillars of the forest pest Spodoptera in mammals M. cause severe poisoning symptoms of vomiting, cardiac weakness, nervous disorders, or death. Lit Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4, 1355 (1996) . Nat. Prod. 61, 179 (1998) Heterocycles 36,725 (1993) 38,2407 (1994) Phytochemistry 41, 117 (1996). 

Although tebufenozide has very high inherent toxicity to caterpillars, it has satisfyingly low toxicity to a wide range of vertebrates, such as mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish (4). As illustrated in Table I, representative mammal and bird species (rat and quail) are, at minimum, four orders of magnitude less susceptible to tebufenozide than is a representative caterpillar species, southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania). Older broad spectrum neurotoxic insecticides such as the organophosphates or synthetic pyrethroids would typically have much less favorable insect/vertebrate selectivity ratios. 

Differences in the transport and metabolism do not seem to play an important role in tebufenozide s lack of toxicity to coleopteran species. Studies in which a highly susceptible caterpillar species (Spodoptera eridania) and a non-susceptible larval beetle species (Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis) were fed equal amounts of Relabelled tebufenozide showed surprisingly similar patterns of tebufenozide uptake, metabolism, and overall tissue distribution (13). The minor differences observed in this study were clearly insufficient to account for the greater than 2,800-fold difference in tebufenozide susceptibility between these two species (LC50 = 0.7 ppm for Spodoptera, >2,000 ppm for Epilachna) (12). Studies comparing beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) with Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) yielded similar results (15). 

If maize is for instance infested by caterpillars of the butterfly Spodoptera exigua, then the volicitin (JV-(17-hydroxylinolenyl)-(L)-glutamine) from its... 

Spodoptera //twra/Noctuidae/tobacco leaf caterpillar (cabbage, etc.)/SlGV morphology (30) India... 

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