Caterpillars predators

That certain secondary metabolites from plants promote biodiversity has received experimental support. Thus, com, Zea mays, responds to the release of an amino acid ester, volicitin (Table 12.1), by a caterpillar, Spodoptera exigua, with the emission, at the foraging period of the day, of volatile mixtures of indole, monoterpenoids, and sesquiterpenoids. These attract a caterpillar predator, the female parasitic wasp, Cotesia marginiventris (Albom 1997). 

A predator eating a victim that has accumulated pesticides in its tissues may die from secondary pesticide poisoning. For example, newts died when they ate tadpoles poisoned by OCPs. Frogs may die as a result of eating poisoned caterpillars [85]. 

What to do Where this pest is a regular problem, grow leeks under fine mesh netting to keep the moths out Once plants are infested, there is no control other than hand-picking of caterpillars and cocoons from the leaves, or removing the whole plant Clear up all plant debris at harvest Dig over the leek beds. Encourage predators... 

Some moths and caterpillars produce irritating substances or fend off predators with substances that do not taste good and are thus avoided. 

Tilman, D. (1978). Cherries, ants and tent caterpillars timing of nectar production in relation to susceptibility of caterpillars to ant predation. Ecology 59 686-692. 

Organic growers also use biological control. They are allowed to import natural enemies of pests. This works either through predation or parasitism. This has proven effective for the control of red spider mite and specific caterpillars, and does not affect other insects. And a third technique is to use insect traps ranging from sticky yellow strips to pheromone or sexual lures. The pheromone traps use synthetic extracts of the chemical scents that... 

Leaves with large holes. Causes Horn-worms other caterpillars. Hornworms are y -4Vi" caterpillars with white diagonal stripes. The tobacco hornworm has a red horn projecting from the rear, while the tomato horn-worm fias a black horn. Handpick or spray plants with BTK to control them. Do not spray eaterpillars that are covered with small white cocoons these cases eontain the larvae of parasitic wasps that are natural hornworm predators. 

Many kinds of stink bugs are pests, but spined soldier bugs are voracious predators of a variety of caterpillars and grubs. 

Beneficial Effect Valuable predators of aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs, spider mites, and small caterpillars in field crops and orchards. 

Beneficial Effect Important native predators attack caterpillars and grubs, including tent caterpillars, fall armyworms, sawfly larvae, and Mexican bean beetle larvae. 

Beneficial Effect Excellent predators of many caterpillar pests, including cutworms, armyworms, tent caterpillars, cabbage loopers, and gypsy moth larvae some also attack sawflies. squash bugs, and stink bugs. 

Beneficial Effect Good general predators on flies, caterpillars, and other pests. Adult wasps generally feed on sugary solutions, such as flower nectar or juices of ripe fruit. Can be pests at picnies. 

J0rgensen, H.B. and Lovei, G.L. (1999). Tri-trophic effect on predator feeding Consumption by the carabid Harpalus affinis of Heliothis armigera caterpillars fed on proteinase inhibitor-containing diet. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 93,113-116. 

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