Symptoms of poisoning

A small amount of acrolein may be fatal if swallowed. It produces bums of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach. Signs and symptoms of poisoning may include severe pain in the mouth, throat, chest, and abdomen nausea vomiting, which may contain blood diarrhea weakness and dizziness and coUapse and coma (99). 

Koelsch (Ref 16), based on observation of 1200 workers engaged in handling PA, described the symptoms of poisoning as follows a yellow coloration of unprotected parts of the skin and hair, irritation of the mucous membranes and of the upper parts,of the respiratory tract and the digestive tract. In addition, a constant bitter taste and a lack of appetite appear... 

Different values are found in literature. Depending on the degree of exposure, periodic medical examination is suggested. The symptoms of poisoning do not become manifest until days. 

Several medical tests can determine whether you have been exposed to methyl parathion. The first medical test measures methyl parathion in your blood or measures 4-nitrophenol, which is a breakdown product of methyl parathion, in your urine. These tests are only reliable for about 24 hours after you are exposed because methyl parathion breaks down quickly and leaves your body. These tests cannot tell whether you will have harmful health effects or what those effects may be. The next medical test measures the levels of a substance called cholinesterase in your blood. If cholinesterase levels are less than half of what they should be and you have been exposed to methyl parathion, then you may get symptoms of poisoning. However, lower cholinesterase levels may also only indicate exposure and not necessarily harmful effects. The action of methyl parathion may cause lower cholinesterase levels in your red blood cells or your blood plasma. Such lowering, however, can also be caused by factors other than methyl parathion. For example, cholinesterase values may already be low in some people, because of heredity or disease. However, a lowering of cholinesterase levels can often show whether methyl parathion or similar compounds have acted on your nerves. Cholinesterase levels in red blood cells can stay low for more than a month after you have been exposed to methyl parathion or similar chemicals. For more information, see Chapters 3 and 7. 

Research has shown that when polychlorpinen, ammonium nitrate, and superphosphate are present together in the soil, phosgene, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, hydrocyanic anions, ozone, hydrogen fluoride and phosphide, etc. could appear in the air over the beet fields. Photooxidants could also appear. Airborne toxic compounds over this crop were noted in areas after precipitation with little wind, and with an air temperature of over 2CP . The combined and complex activity of pesticides and other chemical compounds led people who manually sowed beets to develop symptoms of poisoning. [21]... 

Human TClo values of 3 ppm (no duration specified) and 325 micrograms per cubic meter (lig/m3) (0.1 ppm) (no duration specified) have been reported (RTECS 1987). Henderson and Haggard (1943) (as cited in AIHA1993) noted that exposure of humans to arsine at 3-10 ppm for a few hours may result in signs and symptoms of poisoning. Similar to the data set for acute lethality, most information on nonlethal effects of arsine exposure in humans are case reports representing exposure estimates. 

Data from case reports indicated that there is usually a 1- to 24-h delay between exposure and onset of signs and symptoms of poisoning. Additionally, hematologic parameters (e.g., hemoglobin, hematocrit levels) appear to be progressively affected for several days after the exposure. Hence although the exposure is acute, the most serious adverse effect may be delayed by several hours or days. 

Disturbances in tests on verbal intelligence and memory Symptoms of poisoning evident at residues of 1200 pg Hg/L blood, 2000 to 3000 pg/kg whole body, or 3400 pg/kg hair... 

Ethyl -fluorovalerate (IV) was found to be completely nontoxic, a subcutaneous injection of 160 mg./kg. failed to kill mice, and there was complete absence of any symptoms of poisoning. Intramuscular injection of 40 mg./kg. into rats similarly produced no toxic symptoms.1... 

For concentrations below 10%, the evaporation of HF is reduced and direct contact with the liquid becomes the greatest risk. If HF is swallowed, it is advisable to drink lots of water, if possible with activated carbon added, in order to dilute the acid. Small amounts in the eye can cause intense irritation of the eyelids and slow ulceration of the conjunctivae. Large amounts in the eye cause immediate blindness. As first aid treatment the eyes should be irrigated immediately and copiously with clean water for a minimum of 15 min. Immediate medical care is mandatory after all the accidents mentioned above, even if no symptoms are apparent, because respiratory problems or other symptoms of poisoning can be delayed for hours after the incident has occurred. 

Table IX - Radioactivity in Livers of Susceptible (S) Fish Exhibiting Symptoms of Poisoning (s) and S and Resistant (R) Fish not Exhibiting Symptoms of Poisoning (a). Fish were Exposed to 30 yg/1 14c-dieldrin for 6 hra...

Results and symptoms of foodborne poisonings may have acute, subacute, or mild courses. Patients with mild and subacute symptoms of poisonings usually do not seek or do not need medical treatment, therefore such cases are not registered by health services and so statistics often do not show actual rates of occurrence. 

Symptoms of poisoning may affect all or only few individuals in a particular population. Symptoms may be divided into early, late, and delayed early symptoms occur a few hours after toxin ingestion, late symptoms up to several days after, and delayed symptoms affect patients after some weeks, or even months. The most dangerous situation involves delayed, subacute symptoms that do not affect all individuals in an analyzed population. In such a cases, a relationship between consumed food and disease symptoms is practically impossible to confirm and may lead to a misdiagnosis. 

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) is the main cause of TD in Latin America, whereas in Asia it is reported in only 15% of cases. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) strains are recorded with even less frequency. ETEC is isolated in 0 to 5% of cases. Symptoms of poisoning develop after 16 hours from consumption of contaminated water, salads, cheeses, or meats. The outgrowth of ETEC rods takes place in a patient s gastrointestinal tract, where they produce thermostable and thermolabile toxins that imitate Vibrio cholerae infections. Stimulation of intestinal guanylcyclase and interruption of ion transport leads to watery stools, which do not require medical treatment or only need simple replacement of fluids and salts by means of multielectrolyte solutions. If a co-infection with EIEC strains occurs, the symptoms of enteritis will develop, with the presence of leukocytes, erythrocytes, and mucous in stools due to a cytotoxic influence of bacteria (Butterton and Claderwood, 2001). 

Symptoms of exposure Ingestion may cause acidosis and blindness. Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, abdominal pain, headache, blurred vision, shortness of breath, and dizziness (Patnaik, 1992). An irritation concentration of 22.875 g/m in air was reported by Ruth (1986). 

Using paralytic shellfish toxins extracted from mass cultures of Bay of Fundy excavata, we have found the symptoms of poisoning and the time course of their appearance to be similar in Atlantic herring, American pollock, winter flounder, Atlantic salmon, and cod (10). 

Symptoms of poisoning include numbness and tingling of the lips, hands, and feet (paresthesia) ataxia dysarthria concentric constriction of the visual fields impairment of hearing and emotional disturbances. ... 

Symptoms of poisoning can include rapid onset of profuse diaphoresis, hyperpyrexia. 

The puffer fish is probably the best known neurotoxic fish. Several related species of fish, as well as other marine life, such as some frogs, starfish, octopus, and others, contain tetrodotoxin. Many people consider this fish a delicacy despite the occasional death from poor preparation. Tetrodotoxin is heat stable but water soluble, so careful preparation is necessary to limit neurological effects. Symptoms of poisoning include a rapid onset of numbness in the lips and mouth, which then extends to the fingers and toes, followed by general weakness, dizziness, and respiratory failure, leading to death. The mechanism of action is similar to that of saxitoxin and affects sodium channel permeability. 

Symptoms of poisoning by arsenite (trivalent arsenic) Include dermatitis and a variety of neurologic manifestations. Including painful paresthesias (tingling and numbness in the extremities). 

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