Case studies strategy

For the present case study (Strategy WGS 1), seven generations of 72 catalytic materials each have been prepared and tested. CO conversion at standard conditions for the ten best compositions of each generation is shown in Fig. 10.7. 

In our research design we have chosen the case study strategy, which is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context [...] [13]. The main objective of this study was to measure the perceived usefulness of CRIOP among its users in the Norwegian oil and gas industry. We used interviews in the exploratory phase and followed up with an online survey. Our observations fl om the workshops provided in-depth knowledge of the opinion of CRIOP among the stakeholders in the oil and gas industry and the application of CRIOP in industrial projects. 

There are numerous examples and instances of pollution in the marine environment and a comprehensive coverage would be beyond the scope of a single article. Only a few case studies are presented here. They are global in character and represent examples where public and scientihc concern has been sufficient to provoke strategies to mitigate and/or prevent such pollution. 

The objective of this case study is to determine the target for minimizing the total load (flowrate x composition) of CE discharged in terminal wastewater of the plant using segregation, mixing, and recycle strategies. 

In the second case study, variation tree analysis and the events and causal factors chart/root cause analysis method are applied to an incident in a resin plant. This case study illustrates the application of retrospective analysis methods to identify the imderlying causes of an incident and to prescribe remedial actions. This approach is one of the recommended strategies in the overall error management framework described in Chapter 8. 

The case study has documented the investigation and root cause analysis process applied to the hydrocarbon explosion that initiated the Piper Alpha incident. The case study serves to illustrate the use of the STEP technique, which provides a clear graphical representation of the agents and events involved in the incident process. The case study also demonstrates the identification of the critical events in the sequence which significantly influenced the outcome of the incident. Finally the root causes of these critical events were determined. This allows the analyst to evaluate why they occurred and indicated areas to be addressed in developing effechve error reduchon strategies. 

This case study illustrates how the methodologies described in Chapter 6 can be used to analyze plant incidents and identify the root causes of the problems. Based on this information, specific error reduction strategies can be developed to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. Also, the findings of such an analysis can provide the basis for more general discussions about the prevalence of similar error inducing conditions in other plant areas. 

What is needed is an alternative approach which permits development of valid cause and effect relationships. This strategy, one involving intensive surveys, is referred to here as mechanistic. The Willamette River, Oregon, USA, is used as a case study to illustrate quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative approaches to mechanistic assessment of river water quality using, respectively, dissolved oxygen depletion, erosion/deposition and potentially toxic trace elements as examples. 

I., Mikkola, J.-P., and Salmi, T. (2004) The development of monolith reactors general strategy with a case study. Chem. Eng. Sci., 59, 5629-5635. 

C. Case Study Operating Strategies for Desired Octane Number.394... 

Finally, the coupling of SLCA, further evaluation criteria and multi-objective optimisation are demonstrated with the help of a second case study dealing with the improvement of synthesis strategies for ionic liquids (see Section 7.5). 

A case study to demonstrate the applicability of the developed EM procedure for the business strategy manufacturing level. 

A Case Study for EM Method at the Business Strategy Level... 

Wimsatt, W. (1980), Reductionistic research strategies and their biases in the units of selection controversy , in T. Nickles (Ed.), Scientific Discovery, Volume IJ Historical and Scientific Case Studies, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 213-259-... 

One of the major goals of computational chemistry in the field of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is the prediction of oral availability. Several computational approaches have been published to predict this important parameter, starting from the molecular structure [1-3]. However, when applied to real case studies, none of these provided totally convincing results and, correspondingly, there is a lack of any general strategy to address this problem. 

The case studies on supported rhodium, sulfide, and chromium catalysts nicely illustrate the principles of the ideal strategy for research on catalysts that we introduced in Chapter 1 ... 

Section 13.5 introduces a set of process patterns that are elaborated on throughout the case study. These patterns describe some of the broad contexts for development and a reasonable strategy for each one. Pattern 13.1, Object Development from Scratch, outlines an approach for developing a system from scratch. Pattern 13.2, Reengineering, addresses the case when an existing design is being reworked. Pattern 13.3, Short-Cycle Development, motivates development in short incremental cycles as a useful basis for many projects. 

The second case study corresponds to an existing pyrolysis reactor also located at the Orica Botany Site in Sydney, Australia. This example demonstrates the usefulness of simplified mass and energy balances in data reconciliation. Both linear and nonlinear reconciliation techniques are used, as well as the strategy for joint parameter estimation and data reconciliation. Furthermore, the use of sequential processing of information for identifying inconsistencies in the operation of the furnace is discussed. 

Occasionally, the U.S. EPA issues a process safety alert or study that is related to chemical reactivity hazards. The following incident summaries are from a Case Study on phenol-formaldehyde reaction hazards (EPA 1999a) and from an Alert urging the use of multiple data sources when developing emergency response strategies (EPA 1999b). 

A case study is presented that demonstrates the importance of evaluating lithofacies distribution, or lateral and vertical heterogeneities, and depositional environment as a control on LNAPL occurrence and migration, and implementation of an effective and efficient remediation strategy. This is followed by a case history on the development of a long-term remedial strategy for LNAPL recovery and aquifer restoration from a regional perspective. 

---