Carrots, carotenes from

Among 19 cultivars of carrots, the contents of P-carotene varied from 46 to 103 pg/g and of a-carotene from 22 to 49 pg/g. Carrots of the cultivar Nantes grown in Brazil showed the lowest level and an unspecified cultivar from Spain had intermediate levels of both carotenes (Tables 4.2.1 and 4.2.2). The distribution of a- and p-carotene isomers in fresh carrots was investigated. Results reported included the absence of a- and P-carotene cis isomers in unspecified cultivars, 3% of 9-c -p-carotene and 3% of 9-c -a-carotene in cultivar Nantes, 9% of 9-... 

Traditionally, carotenoid standards are prepared in each laboratory using the best sources of each individual carotenoid, for example, violaxanthin from spinach, antheraxanthin from potatoes, capsanthin and capsorubin from paprika, a- and P-carotene from carrots, and lycopene from tomatoes. 

Moisture. Moisture had different effects on the extraction yield of phytochemicals. For example, the a- and (3-carotene extraction yields using SC-CO2 increased from 184 to 599 pg/g dry carrot and from 354 to 892 pg/g, respectively, with decreasing the moisture in the feed material from 84.6 to 0.8%. The lutein yield decreased from 55.3 to 13 pg/g dry carrot with a decrease in moisture from 84.6 to 0.8% (Sun and Temelli 2006). For the extraction of lycopene from tomato with 50-60% moisture content, only trace amounts of lycopene were reported (Vasapollo and others 2004). 

Flow rate and extraction time. Dynamic techniques for the extraction of carotenoids with SC-CO2 use flow rates that vary from 0.5 to 15 mL/min (measured at extraction temperature and pressure) with different effects depending on the matrix (Rozzi and others 2002 Subra and others 1998 Saldana and others 2006). Subra and others (1998) extracted (3-carotene from 1 to 2.5 g freeze-dried carrots and studied the effect of flow rates (0.4 and 1.2 liter/min) they obtained higher yields of (3-carotene at a flow rate of 1.2 liter/min. Sun and Temelli (2006) also evaluated the effect of flow rate (0.5 and 1.0 liter/min) on the extraction of (3-carotene with SC-CO2 + canola oil. The total carotenoids yield increased with flow rate, ranging from 934.8 to 1,973.6 pg/g dry carrot at C02 flow rates from 0.5 to 2 liter/min (measured at STP), respectively (Sun and Temelli, 2006). However, the lycopene yield decreased from 38.8% to 8% as flow rate was increased from 2.5 to 15 mL/min (measured at extraction temperature and pressure) (Rozzi and others 2002). 

DC078 Sato, M. Solubility and extraction of DC089 beta-carotene from carrot. Kenkyu Kiyo Kagoshima Diagaku Kyoikuga-kubu Shizen Kagakuhen 1992 44 ... 

Molidrem, K.L., Li, J., Simon, P.W., and Tanumihardjo, S.A. (2004). Lutein and beta-carotene from lutein-containing yellow carrots are bioavailable in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 80(1) 131-136. 

The solubility of P-carotene in supercritical fluids has been studied extensively [81 to 85], The extraction of P-carotene from a wide varieties of natural sources has also been described like alfalfa-leaf protein concentrates [86], carrots [34,87], sweet potatoes [88], and algae [89],... 

Fig. 4 RP-HPLC separation of the carotenoids in carrots. Peaks 1 = Sudan I, 2 = a-carotene 3 = /3-carotene. (From Ref. 63.)...

Post-ingestion from a-, (3- y-carotene other carotenes from plant leaves a wide variety of fruit, root seed sources e.g. Daucus carota (carrot) (Apiaceae) [root] Retinal covalently linked to opsins (— light receptor Rhodopsins in vision) colour blind John Dalton (atomic theory, 1766-1844) bequeathed his eyes to science 2 centuries on molecular biology confirmed the absence of the gene for the green photoreceptor opsin... 

Chandra, A. Nair, M.G. 1997. Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction of a-and P-carotene from carrot (Daucus carota L.). Phytochem. Anal. 8 244-246. 

Lycopene and -carotene from tomato paste and strained carrots... 

This tasty juice is also powerful medicine—it s packed with beta carotene from the carrots, and the celery contributes over 20 anti-pain and anti-inflammatory compounds. 

Carrot extracts (E 160(a)), carrot oil, palm oil, and related plant extract are also available on the market. Their main components are P- and a-carotenes (Formulae 9.1 and 9.2, respectively). Processes for the commercial extraction of carotene from carrots were developed. Purified crystalline products contain 20% a-carotene and 80% P-carotene and may be used for coloring fat-based products as dispersion of microcrystals in oil. 

Vega PJ, Balaban MO, Sims CA, O Keefe SF, Cornell JA. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction efficiency for carotenes from carrots by response surface methodology (RSM). J Food Sci 1996 61 757-759. 

Two fundamental building-blocks of natural product chemicals are isopentyl pyrophosphate and isoprene [31, 32], Isoprene is incorporated in compounds known as isoprenoids. The function and occurrence of isoprenoids cover a very broad range in nature according to Stryer [31], "-isoprenoids can bring delight by their colour as well as their fragrance. Indeed, isoprenoids can be regarded as the sensual molecules The colour of tomatoes and carrots comes from carotenoids, specifically lycopene and beta-carotene, respectively."... 

DESOBRY s A, NETTO E M and LABUZA T p (1998), Preservation of /3-carotene from carrots , CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 38, 381-396. 

Vitamin A is obtained in the active forna called retinol, frona animal sources such as liver and egg yolks. It is also acquired in the precursor form, provitamin A or carotene, from plant foods. Green and yellow vegetables and fruits are good sources of vitamin A. Carrots are especially rich in tlais vitamin. 

These compounds are quite widespread in nature, but the first one that scientists isolated was beta-carotene from carrots, so they bestowed that name on the whole family. Carotenoids are also responsible for the color of orange juice, red peppers, watermelon, tomatoes, egg yolks, apricots, corn, pink grapefruit, pink salmon, and pink flamingos. 

About 200 naturally abundant tetraterpenes are known to date and referred to as carotenoids because all of them represent structural variants or degradation derivatives of p-carotene from the carrot Daucus carota (Umbelliferae) with 11 to 12 conjugated CC double bonds. The generally accepted parent name is "carotene" two Greek letters (p, y, s, 9, k, % and /) define all seven of the known end groups. 

The procedure used for the extraction of a-carotene and B-carotene from carrots was based on the Bureau and Bushway method (1986). Fresh carrots were homogenized in a Waring blender and divided into 4 parts each part was processed at 121 C in a Presto pressure cooker for different durations. After treatment, samples were vacuum-dried for 48 hrs at T<20 C. One gram dry sample was extracted with 20 ml tetrahydrofurane (THF) containing 0.1% ascorbic acid and the extract was vacuum-filtered through Whatman No.42 filter paper. The filter cake was reextracted using 25 ml THF to remove all carotenoids. All extracts were combined into a flask and filled up to 50 ml volume with THF. The same extraction procedure was used for salty carrots. 

The determination of a-carotene, trans- and cis-B-carotene from salty carrots was done by reverse-phase HPLC. All trans-, a- and B-carotene used for the generation of calibration curves were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St.Louis, MO). A Waters Nova-Pak C-18 column (pore size 4 m dimensions 3.9 mm 300 mm) with mobile phase acetonitrile methanol THF ammonium acetate (in methanol) 35 56 7 2 and flow rate 2 ml/min was used in the HPLC. Twenty-five 1 extract was injected into the column. The mobile phase was more effective in separating a-carotene from trans- and cis-B-carotene from the mixture of carotenoids compared to the mobile phase of acetonitrile ethyl acetate methanol ethyl acetate (Craft, 1992). Complete separation of trans-a-carotene from B-carotene was achieved however, only partial separation of trans- and cis-B-carotene was possible. 

Wackenroder (1798-1854) Isolation of crystals of carotene from the juice of pressed out carrots The pigment, odorless and tasteless, dissolved in ether but not in water [47, 48]... 

Since the carotenoids display similar absorption spectra it is recommended to identify these compounds after HPLC separation using a mass spectrometer or a NMR detector. Structural and geometrical isomers or epoxides were distinguished by this technique (Aman et al., 2005 Matsubara et al., 2012). An accelerated solvent extraction step in hexane-based solvent mixtures was successfully used prior to LC-ESl MS analysis of lutein and P-carotene from orange carrot (Saha et al., 2015). 

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