Carp activity

Nonrepetitive but well-defined structures of this type form many important features of enzyme active sites. In some cases, a particular arrangement of coil structure providing a specific type of functional site recurs in several functionally related proteins. The peptide loop that binds iron-sulfur clusters in both ferredoxin and high potential iron protein is one example. Another is the central loop portion of the E—F hand structure that binds a calcium ion in several calcium-binding proteins, including calmodulin, carp parvalbumin, troponin C, and the intestinal calcium-binding protein. This loop, shown in Figure 6.26, connects two short a-helices. The calcium ion nestles into the pocket formed by this structure. 

The 5,330 hectare (13,170 acre) Savanna Army Depot Activity, north of Savanna, IL, consists of high ground and Mississippi River flood plain. In the flood plain are 223 hectares of waterways connected to the river about 10 hectares of sediment plain in these waterways are considered potentially contaminated by munitions-related compounds (see Table I). Of these compounds, only TNT has been isolated (0.3 rag/kg in one sediment sample) DNT, TNB, and RDX are associated with TNT in other munitions contexts, hence they were also included. The waterways are fished by a number of activity personnel and retirees. These persons and their families may eat some of their catch, and thereby ingest those compounds that might be present in the fish (predominantly carp and catfish, both bottom-feeders). Acceptable safe sediment level guidance for these compounds was therefore desired. 

Kim EJ, Hye KJ, Yong KK, et al. Suppression by a sesquiterpene lactone from Carpe-sium divaricatum of inducible nitric oxide synthase by inhibiting nuclear factor-KB activation. Biochem Pharmacol 2001 61 903-910. 

Biomarkers that demonstrate chromium exposure under field conditions is under active investigation. Laboratory studies with Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) exposed for 3 to 9 days to 25 to 100 pg Cr /L or 50 to 200 pg Cr+3/L show a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of micronuclei in erythrocytes, and this increase is considered indicative of increasing DNA damage (Al-Sabti et al. 1994). Similar increases in micronuclei were observed in Prussian carp from the River Ljubjanica near chromium-containing outfalls from leather waste products in the Republic of Slovenia (Al-Sabti et al. 1994). 

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio 1500-6000 After 14 days, gill and liver histopathology and disrupted alkaline phosphatase activity in serum, heart, liver, and kidneys 19... 

Asztalos, B., J. Nemcsok, I. Benedeczky, R. Gabriel, and A. Szabo. 1988. Comparison of effects of paraquat and methidation on enzyme activity and tissue necrosis of carp, following exposure to the pesticides singly or in combination. Environ. Pollut. 55 123-135. 

Nemcsok, J., A. Nemeth, Z. Buzas, and L. Boross. 1984. Effects of copper, zinc and paraquat on acetylcholinesterase activity in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquat. Toxicol. 5 23-31. 

Vig, E. and J. Nemcsok. 1989. The effects of hypoxia and paraquat on the superoxide dismutase activity in different organs of carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Jour. Fish Biol. 35 23-25. 

Continuous exposure to diets containing PCBs from Saginaw Bay carp induced cytochrome P-450 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Cytochrome P-450 activity in animals switched to the control diet from the PCB-containing diet was the same as controls. EROD hepatic activity is a potential biomarker for current exposure to PCBs and other similar cytochrome P-450 inducers... 

Shipp, E.B., J.C. Restum, J.P. Giesy, S.J. Bursian, RJ. Aulerich, and W.G. Helferich. 1998a. Multigenerational study of the effects of consumption of PCB-contaminated carp from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, on mink. 2. Liver PCB concentration and induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity as a potential biomarker for PCB exposure. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 54A 377-401. 

Reynaud, S. et al., The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on macrophage respiratory burst and biotransformation activities in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), Fish Shellfish Immunol., 12, 17, 2002. 

To acquire information on the intrinsic metabolic activity of aquatic organisms, liver of carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and freshwater snail (Cipango-paludina japonica Martens) was dissected out, homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and centrifuged at 105,000 g for 60 min to obtain the microsome-equivalent (described as the microsomal fraction hereafter) fraction. The protein content of microsomal and submicrosomal (supernatant fractions by Lowry s method, microsomal P-450 content ( ), activity of aniline hydroxylase (4) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (5) were determined. 

In a static model ecosystem, several amino derivatives of fenitrothion, probably derived from the soil metabolism, were demonstrated in carp tissues, together with the nitro-containing compounds. The concentration of fenitrothion in carp, snails, daphnids and algae decreased with time, although its bioaccumulation ratio relative to the concentration in water tended to increase gradually in snails, daphnids and algae, presumably due to lower metabolic activity and/or slow excretion. 

Figure 4. Effect of carp liver microsomal protein concentration on its mfo activity (NADPH 3 mg/mL, pH 7.4 incubated for 15 min at 25°C)...

Figure 5. Effect of incubation time on the carp liver microsomal mfo activity (NADPH 2 mg/mL, pH 7.4 incubated at 25° C. Microsomal protein concentration...

Suzuki et al. (24) identified a minor biotransformation product of 2-amino- -phenylthiazole in rainbow trout and carp as 2-acetamido-it-(V-hydroxyphenyl )-thiazole (Figure 1). They were unable, however, to demonstrate the presence of this metabolite in the medaka. These authors also suggested that the effectiveness of the 2-amino-A-phenylthiazole as a fish anesthetic is related to the rate at which the drug is activated by biotransformation. 

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