Snails freshwater

Latia. The freshwater snail Eatia has been reported to provide bioluminescence by the following reaction (236). 

Kojima, S., et al. (2000a). Purification and characterization of the luciferase from the freshwater snail Latia. Abstract, 11th Int. Symp. on Biolumin. Chemilumin., Asilomar, CA, p. 57. 

Thiels GM, Murray CN, Vanderborght OLJ, et al. 1984. The effect of water acidity and seasonal variability on the distribution of241 Am in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis L. Health Phys 47(3) 485-487. 

Gomot, A. 1998. Toxic effects of cadmium on reproduction, development, and hatching in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis for water quality monitoring. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 41 288-297. 

Copper compounds are used routinely and widely to control freshwater snails that serve as intermediate vectors of schistosomiasis and other diseases that afflict humans (Hasler 1949 NAS 1977 Rowe and Prince 1983 Winger etal. 1984 Al-Sabri etal. 1993). These compounds include copper sulfate, copper pentachlorophenate, copper carbonate, copper-tartaric acid, Paris green (copper arsenite-acetate), copper oxide, copper chloride, copper acetyl acetonate, copper dimethyl dithiocar-bamate, copper ricinoleate, and copper rosinate (Cheng 1979). Also, many species of oyster enemies are controlled by copper sulfate dips. All tested species of marine gastropods, tunicates, echinoderms, and crabs that had been dipped for 5 seconds in a saturated solution of copper sulfate died if held in air for as little as a few seconds to 8 h mussels, however, were resistant (MacKenzie 1961). 

Cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis-, eggs 4 (control), 50, 100, or 200 pg/L for 8 weeks Freshwater snail, Thiara tuberculata Dose-dependent decrease in hatching time and survival no external malformations 51... 

Mule, M.B. and V.S. Lomte. 1994. Effect of heavy metals (CuS04 and HgCl2) on the oxygen consumption of the freshwater snail, Thiara tuberculata. Jour. Environ. Biol. 15 263-268. 

Everard, M. and P. Denny. 1984. The transfer of lead by freshwater snails in Ullswater, Cumbria. Environ. Pollut. 35A 299-314. 

Freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata 500 By day 33 of exposure embryo survival was reduced 50% and adult growth and reproduction inhibited 9... 

Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1987. Zinc sensitivity of a freshwater snail, Lymnaea luteola L., in relation to seasonal variations in temperature. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39 45-49. 

Stuart, R.J. and J.B. Robertson. 1985. Acute toxicity of pentachlorophenol in the freshwater snail, Gillia altilis. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 633-640. 

Ciowl TA, Covich AP (1990) Predator-induced life-history shifts in a freshwater snail. Science 247 949-951... 

To acquire information on the intrinsic metabolic activity of aquatic organisms, liver of carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and freshwater snail (Cipango-paludina japonica Martens) was dissected out, homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, and centrifuged at 105,000 g for 60 min to obtain the microsome-equivalent (described as the microsomal fraction hereafter) fraction. The protein content of microsomal and submicrosomal (supernatant fractions by Lowry s method, microsomal P-450 content ( ), activity of aniline hydroxylase (4) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (5) were determined. 

Tchounwou, P.B., Englande, A.J., Jr., and Malek, E.A. Toxicity evalnation of atmnoninm snlphate and urea to three developmental stages of freshwater snails, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 21(3) 359-364, 1991. 

Treatment of cells with vinblastine or vincristine can result in the formation of paracrystals, complexes containing the alkaloid molecules and tubulin dimers in a 1 1 ratio. Paracrystal formation in neuronal tissue of a freshwater snail has been proposed as a model for the neurotoxic effects of Catharanthus alkaloids and derivatives 44). Vincristine is approximately 10-fold more active than vinblastine as an inducer of paracrystal formation when snail neuronal tissue is treated with high concentrations (150 lM) of the alkaloids. 

Therefore, we conducted additional bioassays of four of the F. macrophylla isobutylamides with the house mosquito, Culex pipiens and the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabratus (Tables II, III). Both species are of medical importance. 

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