Cardiovascular disease incidence

Polisecki E, Muallem H, Maeda N, Peter I, Robertson M, McMahon AD, Ford I, Packard C, Shepherd J, Jukema JW, Westendorp RG, de Craen AJ, Buckley BM, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ (2008) Genetic variation at the LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase gene loci, lipid levels, statin response, and cardiovascular disease incidence in PROSPER.. Atherosclerosis 200 109-114... 

Sytkowski PA, D Agostino RB, Belanger A, Kannel WB. Sex and time trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality The Framingham Heart Study, 1950-1989. Am J Epidemiol 1996 143 338-350. 

The World Health Statistics Annual (WHO, 1978) indicates a distinct geographical distribution of cardiovascular disease incidence, with Sweden, Scotland, Denmark, USA, England and Wales, Ireland, Finland, Austria, Norway and Australia being the top ten and with Costa Rica, Japan, Hong Kong, Phillipines, Mexico, Equador, Dominican Republic, Martinique, Honduras and Thailand being the bottom ten, in their incidence rates of atherosclerosis-related deaths, out of the 48 countries listed. 

Therefore, theoretically, dairy fat should have strong detrimental effects on cholesterolemia and thereby on cardiovascular diseases. Surprisingly, most of the studies show an inverse correlation between dairy fat consumption and cardiovascular disease incidence.This apparent discrepancy may reveal that some dairy fat components may have a strong protective effect on cardiovascular diseases. One of the candidate is CLA which had several beneficial activities in different experimental models and in humans. Most probably, also VA possesses similar activities as precursor of CLA. In fact, it has been shown that VA is readily converted to CLA in experimental animals (Banni et al., 2001) and humans (Turpeinen et al, 2002), and as such it may exert similar effects. 

Vitamin E can also act as an antioxidant (qv) in animals and humans alone or in combination with vitamin C (qv). Both are good free-radical scavengers with the vitamin C acting to preserve the levels of vitamin E (35). Vitamin E in turn can preserve the levels of vitamin A in animals (13). It has been shown that vitamin E reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease (36—39). This most likely results from the antioxidant property of the vitamin which inhibits the oxidation of low density Hpoproteins (LDLs) (40—42). The formation of the oxidized LDLs is considered important in decreasing the incidence of cardiovascular disease (43). 

The Oslo Trial (87) enrolled 785 male patients <50 years of age with DBP <110 mm Hg (15 Pa) and free of clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. If the initial DBP was <100 mm Hg (13 Pa), there were no differences in mortaUty or cardiovascular events in the placebo- or dmg-treated groups. If the initial DBP was >100 mm Hg, then the incidence of cardiovascular disease was greater in the dmg-treated than in the placebo-treated group. 

Thus, it is apparent that soya, some soya products and linseed oil influence blood lipid levels, particularly cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. While the extent of the reduction appears to largely depend on an individual s initial serum cholesterol level, the maximum reductions observed are of the order of 10-15%. For hyperlipidemic individuals this may not be a marked reduction, but such an effect on the general population may well have a beneficial effect on the overall incidence of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The possibility that non-phytoestrogenic dietary components may contribute to the hypocholes-terolemic properties cannot, however, be discounted. Indeed, certain types of dietary fibre have been shown to have a hypolipidemic effect via their ability to increase faecal excretion rates. 

Low levels of vitamin E have been associated with increased incidence of coronary artery disease. Observational studies have therefore suggested that supplemental a-tocopherol might have value in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Clinical studies demonstrated contradicting results regarding the benefits of vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Four... 

Older adults are at increased risk for adverse reactions from the antineoplastic drugs because of the increased incidence of chronic disease, particularly renal impairment or cardiovascular disease. When renal impairment is present, a lower dosage of the antineoplastic may be indicated. Creatinine clearance isused to monitor renal function in the older adult. Blood creatinine levels are likely to be inaccurate because of a decreased muscle mass in the older adult. 

Supplements of 400 Ig/d of folate begun before conception result in a significant reduction in the incidence of neural mbe defects as found in spina bifida. Elevated blood homocysteine is an associated risk factor for atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and hypertension. The condition is due to impaired abihty to form methyl-tetrahydrofolate by methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase, causing functional folate deficiency and resulting in failure to remethylate homocysteine to methionine. People with the causative abnormal variant of methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase do not develop hyperhomocysteinemia if they have a relatively high intake of folate, but it is not yet known whether this affects the incidence of cardiovascular disease. 

HENNEKENS c H, BURNING J E, MANSON J E and STAMPFER M (1996) Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease . New Engl J Med, 334, 1145. 

Phytochemicals have been the subject of many studies evaluating their effects in relation to common chronic human illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. These studies encounter difficulties in using this information to influence the dietary patterns of consumers because in the past they have used models or experiments with animals. However, in the last decade, researchers have moved away from animal studies in favour of human cell models or human intervention studies. Scientists still need to determine the likely incidence of illness from exposure to known amounts of a given natural compound in the diet and specifically in relation to the complex matrices of whole foods. Therefore, it is inevitable that some animal studies have to be continued for toxicological studies. 

LeeLM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH. 1999. (3-Carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease die Women s Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 2102—2106. 

Goodman GE, Thomquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Meyskens FL, Omenn GS, Valanis B and Williams JH. 2004. The (1-carotene and retinol efficacy trial incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping (5-carotene and retinol supplements. J Natl Cancer Inst 96(23) 1743—1750. 

However, the mechanism for the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in CHC users is believed to be thromboembolic and thrombotic changes, not atherosclerosis. 

The incidence of orthostatic hypotension (defined as a greater than 20-mm Hg drop in systolic pressure upon standing) is greatest with low-potency FGAs, especially with IM or IV administration. Diabetics with cardiovascular disease and the elderly are predisposed. 

The role of Lp(a) as a primary genetic risk factor for coronary heart disease, therefore, seems firmly established. However, in blacks, despite mean Lp(a) levels twice as high as in whites, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is apparently identical (G37, S40). The role of Lp(a) in atherosclerotic vascular disease in blacks therefore remains to be established. 

Most medical researchers agree that people with diets rich in fruits and vegetables have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and cataracts. Although fruits and vegetables are high in antioxidants, they also contain fibre and many different vitamins... 

These studies demonstrate that optimal doses of statins reduce the incidence of clinical events in patients with established coronary artery disease, in patients with elevated plasma LDL levels but without existing coronary artery disease, in individuals with normal plasma LDL levels without existing coronary artery disease, and in diabetics, a patient population at high risk of cardiovascular disease. ... 

In many parts of Britain in the 1930s, excellent records of the hirthweight of hahies were made. When the causes of death in the subsequent adults were studied and medical records investigated, a strong correlation between low hirthweight, stroke incidence of mortahty from cardiovascular disease and diabetes was observed (Barker, 1998). It may be that low hirthweight is due to undemutrition of the mother. 

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