Cardiac tissues regeneration

The first approach is to stimulate the endogenous repair mechanisms. Cardiac progenitor cells have recently been discovered, and their ability to trigger endogenous repair and potential for cardiac tissue regeneration has been recognized. However, the exact mechanism by which they promote cardiac regeneration remains unknown. 

Radhakrishnan, J., Maheswari Krishnan, U., Sethuraman, S., 2014. Hydrogel based injectable scaffolds for cardiac tissue regeneration. Biotechnol. Adv. 32, 449—461. 

Immobilized RGD peptide promoted cell adherence to the matrix, prevented cell apoptosis and accelerated cardiac tissue regeneration... 

Next, main advances in bioinspired materials used in skin, bone, nerve, and cardiac tissues regeneration wiU be presented. 

Synthetic blood vessels and patches for soft tissue regeneration surgical sutures for use in vascular, cardiac, general surgery and orthopaedic procedures. .. 

This review provides an introduction to the different methods utilized for the fabrication of nanostructures, the different kinds of nanotopographies, and the major stem cell types studied in the field of tissue regeneration. Emphasis is given to the attachment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on biomimetic nanomaterials for advancing the field of bone, cartilage, cardiac, nerve, and skin tissue regeneration. 

Chitosan scaffolds may find application in regeneration of skin tissue, liver tissue, bone and cartilage tissue, cardiac tissue, corneal tissue, and vascular tissue to mention a few [73]. A brief account of its application in various branches of tissue engineering is described in this section. 

PANI and polyfc-caprolactone] (PCL] showed similar behavior and their electrospun membranes can be used as platforms to mimic either the morphological or the functional features of the cardiac muscle tissue regeneration. Development of PANI/PCL membranes by electrospinning with controlled texture can create an electrically conductive environment and this environment can stimulate the cell differentiation to cardiomyocites and can be used in the myocardium muscle regeneration. 

Control of the cellular microenvironment is critical for achieving myocardial regeneration. It is a well-known fact that the majority of cells injected into the myocardium do not smvive. Those that survive might not physiologically couple with the native myocardium. This makes the choice of scaffold critical for cardiac tissue engineering. The scaffolds are expected to support the cells as a three-dimensional structure that enables the development of localized extracellular matrix (ECM) and intercellular... 

Chitosan microspheres have been formulated to be used for drug delivery of antiobit-ics, anti-inflammatories, antihistaminics, and as other drug compounds for the treatment of several pathologies, including cancer and derived health states. Also, these systems are used by themselves, for example, as agents for the treatment of cardiac embolic events, or for use in biomedical applications in bone tissue regeneration interventions. 

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a particular cell type of extreme importance in the regeneration of endothelial and cardiac tissue. Current evidence suggests that EPCs may be recruited by the use of specific molecules such as small peptides or antibodies (Camd-Unal et al, 2010,2012 Hatch et al., 2011). This strategy could help to treat cardiovascular injuries using circulating EPCs to accelerate the re-endotheUaUzation process of artificial grafts and other related cardiovascular TE applications. 

FIGURE 34.1 Schematic of a myocardial infarct. Blockage of coronary vessels can lead to hypoxic and cardiac tissue death (infarct region). Therapies to regenerate cardiac tissue include injection of stem cells in combination with biomaterials. Stem cells are either injected within biomaterials directly into the infarct region or cultured within 3D scaffolds and the tissue engineered constructs are sutured onto the infarct region. 

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