Carboxymethylcellulose solution

Fig. 4.2.4 Velocity profile for a 0.6% aqueous carboxymethylcellulose solution obtained by MRI. The data points are the MRI data. The line connecting these is the result of an eighth-order even polynomial fit.

Fig. 4.2.8 Shear viscosity versus shear rate data for a 0.6% by weight aqueous carboxymethylcellulose solution. Data from MRI were obtained from one combined measurement of a velocity profile and a pressure drop, (a) Cone and plate ( ) MRI.

Prepare a carboxymethylcellulose solution as in Part A. Prepare dilutions to bracket the suspected concentration in the unknown. Measure the viscosities of the solutions and the sample with a rotational viscometer and in a constant temperature bath set at 25°C. Plot viscosity vs. concentration and determine the concentration in the unknown. 

Although the GLP revisions of 1987 excluded animal feed and water from the definition of control article, it would appear that such common vehicles as saline solutions and carboxymethylcellulose solutions still fall within the definition. Such a strict definition of the term for such innocuous vehicles as saline solutions is quite burdensome when one considers the requirements for control articles that are found in other sections of the GLPs characterization [ 58.105(a)], stability testing [ 58.105(b)], sample retention [ 58.105(d)], and inventory [ 58.107(d)]. It does not appear that this comprehensive definition is enforced by FDA field investigators in the course of GLP inspections. 

Weltmann (W4) presented this relationship on a friction factor-Reynolds number diagram similar to Fig. 4 for Bingham-plastic fluids. Excellent agreement between predicted and measured results was found by Salt for two carboxymethylcellulose solutions Weltmann shows no data to support her somewhat more useful rearrangement but cites three literature references for this purpose. Review of these shows that none dealt explicitly with this method of approach, as claimed. 

Groups of 10 mice weighing 15 g are fed an oat diet for 3 days. Eighteen hours prior to the experiment food, but not water, is withdrawn. The animals are treated either subcutaneously 15 min or orally 60 min before administration of the charcoal meal (0.2 ml of a 4 % suspension of charcoal in 2 % carboxymethylcellulose solution). The mice are sacrificed after various time intervals, 20 min, 40 min, 60 min and 120 min. Ten animals serve as controls for each time interval. The entire intestine is immediately removed and immersed in 5% formalin to halt peristalsis then washed in running water. The distance the meal has travelled through the intestine as indicated by the charcoal is measured and expressed as percent of the total distance from the pylorus to the caecum. 

Enzyme suppliers determine the activity of their products by measuring the extent of the catalysed reaction under carefully controlled conditions. A standard test exists for amylases (AATCC Test Method 103) , but the evaluation of cellulases is more complex and can vary from supplier to supplier. One common method is to measure the degradation of carboxymethylcellulose solutions. Another is to determine the weight or strength loss of standard cotton fabrics under laboratory conditions where there is a correlation problem, because the mechanical conditions of the technical application are different to the laboratory ones. For example, the hydrolysis degree, HD, is determined by HD = (m - m)/m where and m are the weight of the test material before and after bio-fmishing. 

Viscosity various grades of carboxymethylcellulose sodium are commercially available that have differing aqueous viscosities see Table 111. Aqueous 1% w/v solutions with viscosities of 5-13 000 mPas (5-13 000 cP) may be obtained. An increase in concentration results in an increase in aqueous solution viscosity. Prolonged heating at high temperatures will depolymerize the gum and permanently decrease the viscosity. The viscosity of sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions is fairly stable over a pH range of 4-10. The optimum pH range is neutral. See Section 11. 

Figure 2. Changes in the intrinsic viscosity of carboxymethylcellulose solutions during hydrolysis by purified p-gluca-nases of Aspergillus niger (14). Numbers refer to different cellulose components...

Lifecore (US) Cal Matrix Powder 90% CaS04-/ H20 and 10% carboxymethylcellulose Solution unknown Gypsum... 

Kulicke WM, Kull AH, Kull W, Thielkmg H, EngeUiart J, Pannek JB (1996) Characterization of aqueous carboxymethylcellulose solutions in terms of their molecular structure and its influence on rheological behavior. Polymer 37(13) 2723-2731 Kulicke WM, Reinhardt Fuller UGG, Arendt O (1999) Characterization of the flow properties of sodium carboxymethylcellulose via mechanical and optical techniques. Rheol Acta 38 26-33 Kulshreshtha AK, Dweltz NE (1973) Para crystalline lattice disorder in cellulose - 1. Reappraisal of the application of the two-phase hypothesis to the analysis of powder x-ray diffractograms of native and hydrolyzed cellulosic materials. J Polym Sci 11 487 97 Mathur NK, Mathur V (2001) Chemical Weekly, July Edition, 155... 

CMC. CMC (sodium carboxymethylcellulose) solutions need to be made up from the appropriate grade of powdered CMC. Although specialist equipment can be obtained to perform this mixing duty, a laboratory mixing vessel can also be used for this process. Care must be taken to feed the powder slowly. 

Shear stress versus shear rate data for concentric cylinder viscometer (Epprecht, Model RM-15), K = 0.794. Uncorrected shear rate (eq. 5.3.11) is compared to true shear rate (eq. 5.3.24) and with n evaluated graphically versus y for a 1% carboxymethylcellulose solution From Mi leman (1968, p. 25). 

I. Delfino, C. Piccolo, and K. Lepore. Experimental study of short- and long-time diffusion regimes of spherical particles in carboxymethylcellulose solutions. Eur. 

Carboxymethylcelluloses (CMC). CarboxymethylceUulose [9004 2-6] (CMC) is the carboxymethyl ether of cellulose. To prepare CMC, cellulose is steeped in sodium hydroxide solution, and the so-called alkaU cellulose is treated under controlled conditions with sodium monochloroacetate to form the sodium salt of CarboxymethylceUulose and sodium chloride. Therefore, the CMC of commerce is actuaUy sodium CarboxymethylceUulose... 

Beaded acrylamide resins (28) are generally produced by w/o inverse-suspension polymerization. This involves the dispersion of an aqueous solution of the monomer and an initiator (e.g., ammonium peroxodisulfates) with a droplet stabilizer such as carboxymethylcellulose or cellulose acetate butyrate in an immiscible liquid (the oil phase), such as 1,2-dichloroethane, toluene, or a liquid paraffin. A polymerization catalyst, usually tetramethylethylenediamine, may also be added to the monomer mixture. The polymerization of beaded acrylamide resin is carried out at relatively low temperatures (20-50°C), and the polymerization is complete within a relatively short period (1-5 hr). The polymerization of most acrylamides proceeds at a substantially faster rate than that of styrene in o/w suspension polymerization. The problem with droplet coagulation during the synthesis of beaded polyacrylamide by w/o suspension polymerization is usually less critical than that with a styrene-based resin. 

Slip casting is common in the ceramics industry. The material to be cast is milled to a mean particle size of a few microns. A slip is made by mixing the finely divided material with a liquid suspending medium. The slip is then poured into a suitable mold (e.g., of plaster of pans). The liquid in the slip is drawn into the mold by capillary forces and the solids are deposited in a coherent form. For TiBj, ZrBj and CrBj a suspending medium of 5-7 wt% cyclopentadiene in xylene is recommended. A 3 wt% aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose is the best dispersing medium... 

Polydimethyl-diallyl ammonium chloride is a strongly basic cation-active polymer. A mixture of polydimethyl-diallyl ammonium chloride and the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, which is an anion-active polymer, is applied in an equimolar ratio [497] in aqueous sodium chloride solution. The proposed plugging composition has high efficiency within a wide pH range. 

An aqueous solution of 3% to 6% lignosulfonate and 2% to 8% carboxymethylcellulose, modified with polyoxyethylene glycol ethers of higher fatty... 

A two-component plugging material [1763] consists of an aqueous suspension of bentonite clay powder (20% to 25%), ground chalk (7% to 8%), sulfanol (0.10% to 0.15%), and carboxymethylcellulose (1.0% to 1.5%) as the first component. This solution is pumped into the formation. A gel is formed if diluted hydrochloric acid is pumped down and mixes with the first component. The hydrochloric acid is inhibited with a mixture of alkyl-polybenzyl pyridinium chloride and urotropin. 

E. E. Kochnev, G. I. Merentsova, T. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Ershov. Inhibitor solution to avoid inorganic salts deposition in oil drilling operations—contains water, carboxymethylcellulose or polyacrylamide and polyaminealkyl phosphonic acid and has improved distribution uniformity. Patent SU 1787996-A, 1993. 

Prepare 500 mL of a 2% solution of carboxymethylcellulose, sodium salt, in water in the manner described in the U.S. Pharmacopeia reference above. Since the solution preparation is time-consuming, your instructor may prepare it ahead of time. Using a rotational viscometer with an appropriate spindle and a constant temperature bath, measure the viscosity of this solution at various temperatures. Plot viscosity vs. temperature. 

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is formed by the reaction of sodium chloroacetate with basic cellulose solutions. The sodium form of carboxymethylcellulose is known as CMC or as a food grade product as cellulose gum. It is soluble in both hot and cold water. 

Soil consists mainly of particulate, greasy matter. Detergents are supposed to keep the soil suspended in the solution and restrict redeposition. Tests also show that detergents stabilize suspensions of carbon or other solids such as manganese oxide in water. This suggests that detergents adsorb on the particles. Detergents add redeposition controllers such as carboxymethylcellulose. 

In this chapter, analysis of the excipient in Nasonex (mometasone naral spray) is used as a typical example to demonstrate how to select a proper analytical method. Nasonex Nasal Spray contains Mometasone Furoate, microcrystalline cellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose sodium NF, citric acid USP, sodium citrate USP, benzalkonium chloride solution NF, glycerin USP, polysorbate 80 NF, phenylethyl alcohol USP, and water USP. 

Dissolve the sodium carboxymethylcellulose (item 1) and the dye (if used) in 50 mL hot purified water. Stir until the sodium carboxymethylcellulose is completely in solution. Allow to cool before using. 

The powder for oral solution contains the following inactive ingredients methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sucrose, and antifoaming and flavoring agents. 

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