Consistency of soil

Application verification (AV) monitors are devices that are placed within test plots to measure actual spray deposition that occurred during application. The main function of AV monitors is to show whether or not the intended amount of test material was actually deposited on the soil surface. Application monitors consisting of soil-filled containers, paper disks, polyurethane foam plugs, and glass Petri dishes have all been used successfully for this purpose. Prior to using a monitor in the field, it is important to determine that the test substance can indeed be successfully extracted from the monitor and that the compound will be stable on the monitor under field conditions... 

An embankment refers to a volume of longitudinal earthen material that is placed and compacted for the purpose of raising the level of a roadway (or railway) above the level of the existing ground surface. A fill refers to a volume of earthen material that is placed and compacted for the purpose of filling in a hole, cavity, or excavation. Embankments or fills are constructed of materials that usually consist of soil, but may also include aggregate, rock, or crushed paving material. 

This study examines the relationships of a database consisting of soil Pb, blood Pb (BPb) of children 6 years and younger, and scholastic achievement rates of 4th grade students from the Louisiana education assessment program (LEAP 21) in New Orleans. The data was from years 2000-2005 and reflects the pre-Hurricane Katrina conditions of New Orleans. Prior to the flood, schools were organized by attendance districts or neighborhood schools. This arrangement provided the opportunity to conduct a series of statistical tests to evaluate the associations between soil Pb, BPb and... 

Biological. [ C]Phorate degraded in a model ecosystem consisting of soil, plants, and water (Lichtenstein et al, 1974). Under both nonpercolating and percolating water conditions, 12% of the applied amount migrated downward as the corresponding sulfone and sulfoxide. Phorate was absorbed in the roots of corn and was transformed primarily to the sulfone with trace amounts of the sulfoxide. Translocation of radioactive insecticide to the leaves was also observed but the major products were identified as phoratoxon sulfone and phoratoxon sulfoxide. 

At the Zabel Battery Snperfund site, an in sitn application of MAECTITE technology was nsed to treat 17,500 tons of material consisting of soil, batteries, battery casings, debris, scrap metal, railroad ties, white goods, rubble, and wood. The site covered 0.5 acres, and treatment reached a depth of 1.5 ft. The vendor states that project costs were approximately 420,000 (D15712K, pp.29-32). 

Medium to be treated consists of soil contaminated with naphthalene at 10,000 mg/kg and benzene at 30,000 mg/kg. 

Compeau et al. (1990) reported a full-scale slurry-phase PCP remediation. The system consisted of soil washing and screening and resulted in clean soil and wash solution. The wash solution was a slurry containing PCP and < 60-mesh-size soil particles at approximately 20% solids concentration. Slurry was treated subsequently in on-site slurry-phase bioreactors. A 50 m3 slurry reactor was operated in batch mode and inoculated by an uncharacterized PCP-mineralizing culture (107 cells/ml of slurry). After 14 days, 370mg PCP/kg slurry had been degraded to below 0.5 mg/kg. For effective biogradation to occur, inoculation was required. 

Francioso et al. (2000) used spectroscopic methods to investigate molecular changes in SOM treated with different residues. The experiment consisted of soil treated over a 22-year period with different amendments cattle manure, cow slurries, and crop residues. The presence of a new band at 1640 cm1 (SOM from cattle manure amended soil), described as either NH2 bending or amide 1 motions, was supported by an increase of total organic N concentration. The increase of absorption at 1409 cm1 (phenolic components) was more intense in the SOM sampled from soil amended with cattle manure. These results, in addition of other spectro-... 

The first needs no theoretical discussion it merely assumes that stream humic substances consist of soil fulvic acid which has been leached or eroded from soils. 

Figure 3c A system consists of soil, CAD and non ionic surfactant micellar solution...

The sources and chemical compositions of the fine and coarse urban particles are different. Coarse particles are generated by mechanical processes and consist of soil dust, seasalt, fly ash, tire wear particles, and so on. Aitken and accumulation mode particles contain primary particles from combustion sources and secondary aerosol material (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, secondary organics) formed by chemical reactions resulting in gas-to-particle conversion (see Chapters 10 and 14). 

Whirligig beetles (Rotatoria) — microscopically small worms present in high amounts particularly in soils with high reserves of organic matter. About 100 species of them have been described, but their importance in the soil is not well known. They require adequate soil moisture and move in a thin layer of water in soil pores, but some can live in a dry environment. Their food consists of soil humus, detritus, bacteria, algae, protozoa and small nematodes. 

Mine spoil consists of soil or soil material, and rock and other materials that are removed in mining operations from above coal or other mineral deposits. This overburden may be either deposited back into the area from which the mineral has been removed, or be left on undisturbed land alongside of the cut. The mining operations are conducted by means of draglines, shovels and various types of heavy equipment designed specifically for rapid removal of the overburden. The bulldozer is used chiefly for backfilling or grading of the spoil after removal of the coal or other mineral. 

The hydraulic bound material may, sometimes, consist of soil treated with one of the abovementioned hydraulic binders. 

Pile Type Consistency of Soil Cohesion, psf Adhesion, psf... 

Standard Penetration Test (SPT) An indication of the density or consistency of soils given by counting the number of blows required to drive a 2 inch OD split spoon sampler 12 inches using a 140 pound hammer falling 30 inches. The sampler is driven in three 6 inch increments. The sum of the blows required for the last two increments is referred to as the N value, blow count, or Standard Penetration Resistance. 

In the case of a reinforced soil structure consisting of soil with both friction and cohesion, and with distributed surcharge q, the expression of the global force T becomes (Eq. [15.26]) ... 

FIGURE 8.4 An illustration of the role of mass transfer coefficients in establishing mass balance in a two-compartment system consisting of soil and air. 

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