Carbonates and organic acids

Meshri I.D. (1986) On the reactivity of carbonic and organic acids and the generation of secondary porosity. In Roles of Organic Matter in Sediment Diagenesis (ed. D.L. Gautier), pp. 123-128. Soc. Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec, Pub. 38, Tulsa, OK. 

Thermodynamic and Stoichiometric Regime of Formation of Carbonic and Organic Acids and Their Role in the Establishment of Secondary Porosity in Reservoir Rocks... 

Fairen-Jimenez D, Carrasco-Marin F, Mraeno-Castilla C (2006) Porosity and surface area of monolithic carbon aerogels prepared using alkaline carbonates and organic acids as polymerization catalysts. Carbtm 44 ... 

Living plant tissue is also buffered, but less closely, the normal pH range in vegetative tissue being 4.0 to 6.2. The main buffers are phosphates, carbonates and organic acids, commonly malic, citric, oxalic, tartaric and some amino acids, with smaller amounts of other organic acids which are intermediates in biochemical cycles. 

Kieber, R.J. et al.. Dissolved organic carbon and organic acids in coastal New Zealand rainwater, Atmos. Environ., 36, 3557, 2002. 

Two types of magnesia, caustic-calcined and periclase (a refractory material), are derived from dolomitic lime. Lime is required in refining food-grade salt, citric acid, propjiene and ethylene oxides, and ethylene glycol, precipitated calcium carbonate, and organic salts, such as calcium stearate, lactate, caseinate. 

Titanium whites resist various atmospheric contaminants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Under normal conditions they are not readily reduced, oxidi2ed, or attacked by weak inorganic and organic acids. Titanium dioxide dissolves slightly in bases, hydrofluoric acid, and hot sulfuric acid. Owing to its chemical inertness, titanium dioxide is a nontoxic, environmentally preferred white pigment. 

The elemental and vitamin compositions of some representative yeasts are Hsted in Table 1. The principal carbon and energy sources for yeasts are carbohydrates (usually sugars), alcohols, and organic acids, as weU as a few other specific hydrocarbons. Nitrogen is usually suppHed as ammonia, urea, amino acids or oligopeptides. The main essential mineral elements are phosphoms (suppHed as phosphoric acid), and potassium, with smaller amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of copper, zinc, and iron. These requirements are characteristic of all yeasts. The vitamin requirements, however, differ among species. Eor laboratory and many industrial cultures, a commercial yeast extract contains all the required nutrients (see also Mineral nutrients). 

Esterification. Esters are formed by the reaction of ethanol with inorganic and organic acids, acid anhydrides, and acid halides. If the inorganic acid is oxygenated, eg, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, the ester has a carbon—oxygen linkage that is easily hydrolyzed (24—26). 

In Figure 34.7b, the relative selectivity to byproducts such as EG and organic acids is shown (primarily acetic, lactic and glyceric acids). Not all carbon supports are equivalent, as there are a wide variety of source materials that are used in their production. Note that the highest acid selectivity is shown with the catalyst based on a graphitic carbon and on a carbon support first treated with titania. 

Fatty acids, like DHA, are the byproducts of the breakdown of fats. DHA and other fatty acids are organic acids. Organic compounds are chemical compounds that contain carbon. Many organic acids in the body contain a -COOH group, called a carboxyl group. 

Mixed acid systems are blends of mineral acids and organic acids. Combinations that have been used in carbonate acidizing include acetic acid/HCl and formic acid/HCl. While these are less corrosive than hydrochloric acid alone, the organic acid may not react completely with the rock. Blends of formic acid and hydrofluoric acid have been used in high temperature sandstone acidizing and are less corrosive than HC1/HF blends. 

Tanaka A, Navasero SA. 1967. Carbon dioxide and organic acids in relation to the growth of rice. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 12 25-30. 

Tobacco smoke contains more than 3800 different compounds. About 10% of these constimte the particulate phase, which contains nicotine and tar. The remaining 90% contains volatile substances such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, cyanides, various hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and organic acids. Although all of these substances affect the smoker to some degree, nicotine is generally considered to be the primary substance responsible for the pharmacological responses to smoking (Nielsen et al. 2001). 

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