Carbon dots toxicity

A detailed discussion of experimental in vitro and in vivo testing methodologies and results is not the purpose of this chapter. There are some comprehensive reviews covering this topic. For instance, the contribution by Oberdorster et al. [45] who have summarized recent data and highlighted gaps in this field two works [60, 61] review data on environmental and human effects of carbon nanotubes in relation to their properties a paper [62] that discusses toxicological endpoints of combustion-derived nanoparticles a review [63] of quantum dots toxicity an excellent review devoted to toxicity of particular nanomaterials classes by Borm et al. [26] and many others. 

DOT regulations for shipment, 6 301t molecular formula, 6 291t toxicity, 6 302t Allyl complexes of platinum, 19 656 of thorium, 24 773 Allyl diglycol carbonate, molecular formula, 6 305t Allyl ethers, 2 246... 

Yu, H. Zhang, H. Huang, H. Liu, Y. Li, H. Ming, H. Kang, Z., ZnO/carbon quantum dots nanocomposites one-step fabrication and superior photocatalytic ability for toxic gas degradation under visible light at room temperature. New]. Chem. 2012,36 1031-1035. 

Shipping and Storage. The DOT shipping name for 2[3]-pentenenitrile is "Toxic liquid, Flammable, Organic, N. O. S. (2[3]-Pentenenitrile)" and is in the hazard class 6.1, packing group II, UN 2929. It requires a "POISON, FLAMMABLE" label. Carbon-steel drums and tanks may be used for... 

In the preceding Lewis formula of CO, each dash represents a pair of bonding electrons, and each pair of dots represents an unshared pair of electrons.) Compounds with carbon monoxide bonded to metals, some of which are quite volatile and toxic, are called carbonyls. 

DFG MAK 1.5mg/m3 DOT CLASSIFICATION 4.2 Label Spontaneously Combustible SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by intravenous route. Experimental reproductive effects. It can cause a dust irritation, particularly to the eyes and mucous membranes. See also CARBON BLACK, SOOT. Combustible when exposed to heat. Dust is explosive when exposed to heat or flame or oxides, peroxides, oxosalts, halogens, interhalogens, O2, (NH4NO3 + heat), (NH4CIO4 240°), bromates, Ca(OCl)2, chlorates, (CI2 + Cr(OCl)2), CIO, iodates, IO5, Pb(N03)2, HgNOs, HNO3, (oils + air), (K + air), Na2S, Zn(N03)2. Incompatible with air, metals, oxidants, unsaturated oils. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 2.2 Label Nonflammable Gas SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by inhaladon. Less chronically toxic than carbon tetrachloride. Violent reacdon with Al. When heated to decomposidon it emits toxic fumes of F". See also FLUORIDES. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION Forbidden SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by inhalation. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. An eye irritant. A powerful explosive sensitive to spark, impact, sunlight, or heating rapidly to 100°C. A powerful oxidizer. Concentrations of greater than 10% in air are explosive. Explodes on mbting with carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons (e.g., butadiene, ethane. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 4.1 Label Flammable Solid, Poison SAFETY PROFILE Poison by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. Ignites in O2 at 100°C. Forms impact-sensitive explosive mixtures with ethers (e.g., dioxane) and halocarbons (e.g., carbon tetrachloride). Incompatible with dimethyl sulfoxide. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of boron oxides. See also BORON COMPOUNDS and BORANES. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label Poison SAFETY PROFILE Suspected carcinogen. Poison by ingestion and inhalation. Moderately toxic by skin contact. Human mutation data reported. A skin irritant. Action may be similar to that of carbon tetrachloride, but more irritating to mucous membranes. Flammable when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, dry chemical, fog, mist, or spray. Dangerous when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of CT and phosgene. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidizer SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects by ingestion ulceration or bleeding from stomach. Autopsy findings include gastrointestinal tract irritation, tissue edema, liver and kidney congestion. A severe eye and skin irritant. When heated to decomposition it emits chlorides and carbon monoxide. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidizer SAFETY PROFILE Explosive reaction when heated with carbon, 2-aminophenol + tetrahydrofuran (at 65°C). Forms a friction-sensitive explosive mixture with hydrocarbons. Violent reaction with diselenium dichloride, ethanol, potassium-sodium alloy. May ignite on contact with organic compounds. Incandescent reaction with metals (e.g., arsenic, antimony, copper, potassium, tin, and zinc). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of K2O. See also PEROXIDES. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, inhalation, and intravenous routes. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Experimental reproductive effects. A corrosive. A skin and severe eye irritant. An allergen. Has been reported as causing irritation of mucous membranes and heart rhythm disturbances in humans. Violent reaction with water -(above 30°C), acetone + water, methanol, methanol + sodium hydrogen carbonate, 2-ethoxyethanol, dimethyl formamide, 3-butanone + sodium hydroxide + water, allyl alcohol + sodium hydroxide + water (at 28°C). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of CL and NOx. See also CHLORIDES. 

Properties Wh. to It. yel. orthorhombic cryst. sol. in alcohol, benzene, ether, acetone, carbon disulfide, chloroform sol. 99 g/l in water insol. in pyridine, quinoline fumes in air m.w. 228.13 dens. 3.14 vapor pressure 1 mm Hg (49.2 C) m.p. 73 C b.p. 223.5 C ref. index 1.4600 Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 0.5 mg (Sb)/m LD50 (oral, rat) 525 mg/kg mod. toxic by ing. human pulmonary effects by inh. irritant corrosive experimental reproductive effects mutation data reported TSCA listed Precaution DOT Corrosive material reacts violently with aluminum, potassium, sodium Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of chlorine and antimony... 

Properties BIk. to gray cryst. or dk. brn. powd. (amorphous form) pract. insol. in water at. no. 14 m.w. 28.086 dens. 2.330 (20/4 C) m.p. 1420 C b.p. 2680 C hardness (Mohs) 7.0 sp. heat 0.162 cal/g/C dielec, const. 12 Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA 10 mg/m (total dust), when toxic impurities are not present LD50 (oral, rat) 3160 mg/kg mod. toxic by ing. nuisance dust eye irritant TSCA listed Precaution DOT Flamm. solid violent reactions with alkali carbonates, oxidants, etc. heated, reacts with water to produce H2 can react with oxidizers attacked by hydrofluoric or hydrofluoric/nitric acids burns in fluorine, chlorine... 

In this chapter, we first divide NIR NMs into five species carbon-based materials, quantum dots (QDs), noble metal-based nanoparticles (NPs), upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), and narrow-bandgap semiconductors. Then, we focus primarily on the progress of their toxicity studies in the past several years, discuss in detail how the biophysicochemical properties of NIR NMs influence their in vitro and in vivo toxicity, present a broad overview of the available in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments of NIR NMs, and finally frame the future outlook for NIR NMs by highlighting areas of exceptional promise and challenges. Our emphasis here is mainly on discussion that could offer future opportunities to design and create NIR NMs with good biocompatibility as well as excellent functionalities, rather than attempting to provide a complete historical survey. 

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