Carbon complexation

Uranium ores are leached with dilute sulfuric acid or an alkaline carbonate [3812-32-6] solution. Hexavalent uranium forms anionic complexes, such as uranyl sulfate [56959-61-6], U02(S0 3, which are more selectively adsorbed by strong base anion exchangers than are other anions in the leach Hquors. Sulfate complexes are eluted with an acidified NaCl or ammonium nitrate [6484-52-2], NH NO, solution. Carbonate complexes are eluted with a neutral brine solution. Uranium is precipitated from the eluent and shipped to other locations for enrichment. Columnar recovery systems were popular in South Africa and Canada. Continuous resin-in-pulp (RIP) systems gained popularity in the United States since they eliminated a difficult and cosdy ore particle/leach hquor separation step. 

Other Coordination Complexes. Because carbonate and bicarbonate are commonly found under environmental conditions in water, and because carbonate complexes Pu readily in most oxidation states, Pu carbonato complexes have been studied extensively. The reduction potentials vs the standard hydrogen electrode of Pu(VI)/(V) shifts from 0.916 to 0.33 V and the Pu(IV)/(III) potential shifts from 1.48 to -0.50 V in 1 Tf carbonate. These shifts indicate strong carbonate complexation. Electrochemistry, reaction kinetics, and spectroscopy of plutonium carbonates in solution have been reviewed (113). The solubiUty of Pu(IV) in aqueous carbonate solutions has been measured, and the stabiUty constants of hydroxycarbonato complexes have been calculated (Fig. 6b) (90). 

Carbonates. Actinide carbonate complexes are of interest not only because of their fundamental chemistry and environmental behavior (150), but also because of extensive industrial appHcations, primarily in uranium recovery from ores and nuclear fuel reprocessing. 

In oxygenated seawater, uranium is thermodynamically predicted to be present in a hexavalent (-b 6) oxidation state, but it can also exist as the tetravalent U(IV) if conditions are sufficiently reducing. Reduced uranium in the +A oxidation state is highly insoluble or particle reactive. In contrast, U(VI) is readily soluble due to the rapid formation of stable inorganic carbonate complexes. According... 

Owing to the stability of the uranyl carbonate complex, uranium is universally present in seawater at an average concentration of ca. 3.2/rgL with a daughter/parent activity ratio U) of 1.14. " In particulate matter and bottom sediments that are roughly 1 x 10 " years old, the ratio should approach unity (secular equilibrium). The principal source of dissolved uranium to the ocean is from physicochemical weathering on the continents and subsequent transport by rivers. Potentially significant oceanic U sinks include anoxic basins, organic rich sediments, phosphorites and oceanic basalts, metalliferous sediments, carbonate sediments, and saltwater marshes. " ... 

Considering the anion concentration ranges in natural waters (Table II) and the magnitude of the corresponding plutonium stability constants (Table III), the chemistry of plutonium, as well as that of uranium and neptunium, is almost entirely dominated by hydroxide and carbonate complexation, considering inorganic complexes only (41, 48, 49). ... 

In Figure 2 the solubility and speciation of plutonium have been calculated, using stability data for the hydroxy and carbonate complexes in Table III and standard potentials from Table IV, for the waters indicted in Figure 2. Here, the various carbonate concentrations would correspond to an open system in equilibrium with air (b) and closed systems with a total carbonate concentration of 30 mg/liter (c,e) and 485 mg/liter (d,f), respectively. The two redox potentials would roughly correspond to water in equilibrium wit air (a-d cf 50) and systems buffered by an Fe(III)(s)/Fe(II)(s)-equilibrium (e,f), respectively. Thus, the natural span of carbonate concentrations and redox conditions is illustrated. 

In the presence of mineral phases containing anions that would form sparingly soluble compounds (e.g. POt - and F for the lower oxidation states) an enhanced plutonium uptake due to chemisorption can be expected (57). For plutonium in the higher oxidation states the formation of anionic carbonate complexes would drastically reduce the sorption on e.g oxide and silicate surfaces. 

The complexation of Pu(IV) with carbonate ions is investigated by solubility measurements of 238Pu02 in neutral to alkaline solutions containing sodium carbonate and bicarbonate. The total concentration of carbonate ions and pH are varied at the constant ionic strength (I = 1.0), in which the initial pH values are adjusted by altering the ratio of carbonate to bicarbonate ions. The oxidation state of dissolved species in equilibrium solutions are determined by absorption spectrophotometry and differential pulse polarography. The most stable oxidation state of Pu in carbonate solutions is found to be Pu(IV), which is present as hydroxocarbonate or carbonate species. The formation constants of these complexes are calculated on the basis of solubility data which are determined to be a function of two variable parameters the carbonate concentration and pH. The hydrolysis reactions of Pu(IV) in the present experimental system assessed by using the literature data are taken into account for calculation of the carbonate complexation. 

With growing interest in the chemical behaviour of actinide ions in the environment (1), the complexation of these ions with carbonate anions has been recently attracting particular attention (2-10) due to the ubiquitous presence of carbonate ions in nature (11, 12) and their pronounced tendency to form complexes with heavy metal ions (7, 10-14). In spite of the carbonate complexation of actinides being considered important chemical reactions for understanding the chemistry of actinides in natural fluids, not many experiments have been devoted up to now to the quantitative study of the subject, though numerous qualitative observations are discussed in the literature. Although there are a few papers reporting the formation constants of carbonate complexes... 

The study of carbonate complexes of Pu is complicated by various experimental difficulties. The low solubility of many carbonates (7), leaving a very dilute Pu concentration in solution, results in difficulties to the experiments with electrochemical or spectrophotometric methods. However, the radiometric method with solvent extraction or solubility measurement is easily applicable for the purpose. Unlike the solution with anions, like Cl, N03 etc., the concentration of which can be varied at a constant pH, the preparation of solutions with varying carbonate concentration accompanies indispensably the change of pH of the solution. As a result, the formation of carbonate complexes involves accordingly the hydrolysis reactions of Pu ions in solutions under investigation. It is therefore prerequisite to know the stability constants of Pu(IV) hydroxides prior to the study of its carbonate complexation. 

The present study is conducted under consideration of thus mentioned difficulties. The solubility measurement is applied to the present investigation, selecting the pH range 6 v 12 in which the carbonate concentration can be maintained greater than 5xl0 6 M/l. The carbonate concentration and pH of experimental solutions, both being mutually dependent in a given solution, are taken into account as two variable parameters in the present experiment and hence the final evaluation of formation constants is based on three dimensional functions. For calculation purpose, the hydrolysis constants of Pu(IV) are taken from the literature (18). In order to differentiate the influence of hydrolysis reactions on the carbonate complexation so far as possible, the calculation is based on the solubilities from solutions of carbonate concentration > 10-1 M/l and pH > 8. 

Hydrolysis reactions. As the system under investigation contains not only carbonate ions but also hydroxide ions of considerable concentration, it is quite plausible that the reactions of hydrolysis and carbonate complex formation compete with each other. Since the hydrolysis reaction is not investigated separately in this experiment, the magnitude of this reaction as a function of pH is evaluated on the basis of the formation constants available in the literature (18), which are reproduced... 

In the literature (2), the possible formation of plutonyl bicarbonate complex is discussed. In order to verify whether we are dealing with bicarbonate or carbonate complexes, the Pu(IV) solutions prepared in NaHC03 and Na2C03 solutions are examined by spectrophotometry. The absorption spectra measured up to 900 nm show no visible difference for both solutions. For this reason it is believed that the Pu(IV) ion forms carbonate complexes irrespective of carbonate or bicarbonate ions present in solution. 

The chemical reactivity of minor elements in seawater is strongly influenced by their specia-tion (see Stumm and Brauner, 1975). For example, the Cu ion is toxic to phytoplankton (Sunda and Guillard, 1976). Uranium (VI) forms the soluble carbonate complex, U02(C03)3, and as a result uranium behaves like an unreactive conservative element in seawater (Ku et ah, 1977). 

Equilibrium complexation constants for Cu reactions with natural organic matter and the details of Cu speciation are bound to remain somewhat uncertain, since the composition of the complexing molecules varies from site to site. What is not in dispute is that the fraction of dissolved copper present as free aquo Cu is probably very small in any natural water. In extremely pristine waters, hydroxide and carbonate complexes may dominate, but organic complexes usually dominate in waters containing more than a few tenths of a mg/L organic carbon. 

G. Rhodium Porphyrin Carbone Complexes and the Cyclopropanation of Alkenes Catalyzed by Rhodium Porphyrins... 

This chapter is concerned entirely with the insertion of carbon monoxide into transition metal-carbon cr-bonds. Sulfur dioxide insertion 154, 239), also common among transition metal-carbon complexes, will be treated in a complementary review, which is to appear later. Subject to the restrictions given at the beginning of Section VI, an attempt has been made at a complete literature coverage of the insertion of CO. Particular emphasis focuses on recent results, especially those of a kinetic and stereochemical nature. 

In a similar fashion, the homoleptic complex [Pd(ITmt) ] lb readily reacts with O2 to form the corresponding peroxo-complex 2b (Scheme 10.1). This complex, npon exposure to CO, leads to the peroxo-carbonate complex 3b [10]. Under the same reaction conditions, the formation of 3a does not occur, presumably due to the larger steric hindrance of the Mes ligand. 

Uranium is readily mobilized in the meteoric environment, principally as the highly soluble uranyl ion (U02 ) and its complexes, the most important of which are the stable carbonate complexes that form in typical groundwaters (pH > 5, pC02 = 10 bar) (Gascoyne 1992b Grenthe et al. 1992 see also Langmuir (1997) for review). Uranium is... 

Initial °Th and Pa are generally considered to be associated with a detrital component that becomes cemented, or occluded, within the speleothem. This component may be composed of clays, alumino-silicates or Fe-oxyhydroxides (Fig. 3) with strongly adsorbed and Pa. Th and Pa incorporated in speleothems and similar deposits may also have been transported in colloidal phases (Short et al. 1998 Dearlove et al. 1991), attached to organic molecules (Langmuir and Herman 1980 Gaffney et al. 1992) or as carbonate complexes in solution (Dervin and Faucherre 1973a, b Joao et al. 1987). 

Figure 4. Solubility of uraninite as a function of Eh and PCO2 at pH = 8 and 25°C. The increase of uraninite solubility at high Pco2 results from the formation of uranyl carbonate complexes. [Used with permission of Elsevier Science, from Langmuir (1978) Geochim Cosmochim Acta, Vol. 42, Fig. 15, p. 561].

The acidity generated as a result of the reaction must be neutralized to maintain the pH at the correct level. The precipitation of U02 may be implemented even in the case when uranium is present as a complex such as the sulfate or carbonate complexes. The chemical equation shown below represents the latter case ... 

X-ray diffraction studies on [TpBut,Me]Zn 2(/i,-r)1,Tj1-C03) have identified that the bridging carbonate ligand is coordinated to each zinc center in a unidentate fashion (171,172), which thereby provides additional support for the presence of a unidentate, rather than bidentate, bicarbonate ligand in [TpBut,Me]Zn(0C02H). The carbonate complex [TpBut,Me]Zn 2(/iA-7)1,T)1-C03) is also characterized by v(CO) absorptions at 1587 and 1311 cm-1 in the IR spectrum (173), and a 13C NMR signal at 8 164 ppm (in C6D6). 

Firstly, the reaction between [Tp jZnOH and C02 rapidly gives the dinuclear bridging carbonate complex [TpPr 2]Zn 2(/i.-T)1,T)2-C03) (Scheme 24) (153), so that the postulated bicarbonate complex... 

The ability of cobalt(II), nickel(II), and copper(II) to exhibit a greater tendency than Zn(II) towards bidentate coordination is further illustrated by structural comparisons within a series of bridging carbonate complexes (188). For example, of the complexes [TpPr 2]M 2(/x-C03) (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), only the zinc derivative does not exhibit bidentate coordination at both metal centers (151,153). Furthermore, the carbonate ligand in the complexes [TpPr 2]M 2(/x-C03) (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) also exhibits varying degrees of asymmetry that closely parallel the series of nitrate complexes described earlier (Fig. 47 and Table IX). 

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