Carbonates solubilities

How might these oligomers be produced in the fruit The easiest answer is that limited PG action on cell wall pectins generates them, and we have tested this point in vitro. CDTA- and Na2C03-soluble pectins and PGA (included as a positive control) were incubated with purified tomato PGl. Surprisingly, only the carbonate-soluble material and PGA were digested (based on HPLC analysis of reaction mixtures and generation of... 

A traditional system for the preparation of table olives, involves a treatment of the fresh fruit with a solution of NaOH to hydrolised the bitter glycoside oleuropein, followed by a lactic fermentation in brine. The modifications that take place on pectic polysaccharides of olives (Manzanilla variety) during this process was smdied. Processing induced a net loss of polysaccharides soluble in sodium carbonate and a paralel accumulation of water and Imidazole/HCl soluble polysaccharides. A general decrease of the apparent molecular weight of water and carbonate soluble polysaccharides was also detected. 

On this work the main changes that take place on three pectic fractions, water, imidazoIe/HCl and carbonate soluble polysaccharides, of olive cell wall are described and related with modifications of the fruit s texture. 

Yield and composition of carbonate soluble polysaccharides (mg/fruit)... 

The evaporative concentration increases the water s ionic strength, which affects the activity coefficients and thus the carbonate solubility and dissociation constants (Butler, 1982). I ignore this effect here, but it should be included in a more realistic simulation. 

Equilibrium with precipitation. The previous example calculated carbonate speciation admitting unrestricted solubility of all species. Actually, it is easily verified that the calculated calcium and carbonate concentrations exceed calcium carbonate solubility as measured by the solubility product... 

Calcium carbonate solubility is also temperature and pressure dependent. Pressure is a 6r more important fector than temperature in influencing solubility. As illustrated in Table 15.1, a 20°C drop in temperature boosts solubility 4%, whereas the pressure increase associated with a 4-km increase in water depth increases solubility 200-fold. The large pressure effect arises from the susceptibility of the fully hydrated divalent Ca and CO ions to electrostriction. Calcite and aragonite are examples of minerals whose solubility increases with decreasing temperature. This unusual behavior is referred to as retrograde solubility. Because of the pressure and temperature effects, calcium carbonate is fer more soluble in the deep sea than in the surfece waters (See the online appendix on the companion website). 

Away from the influence of the continents, the %CaC03 in the sediments is largely controlled by the processes that determine whether sinking detrital calcium carbonate survives the trip to the seafloor. Some of these processes are related to the thermodynamic controls on calciiun carbonate solubility and others are a consequence of the relative rates of particle sinking and dissolution. 

During a Dissolution of Cholesterol Monohydrate in Glycochenodeoxycholate-Glycoursodeoxycholate-Lecithin Solutions and Calcium Carbonate Solubility in Their Solutions... 

Activated Carbon Soluble No Low Not Applicable Low High Minimal... 

Alkalinity Boosters. It has long been known that many soils are sensitive to high pH. Fairly high levels of sodium carbonate, soluble silicates (ratio 1.6 to 3.2 SiOi to Na-O) and sodium mctasilicaic (NaiSiOrf are used lo supply alkalinity for improved cleaning performance. 

Chemically, diatomite consists primarily of silicon dioxide, SiOs -nHtO, and is essentially inert. It is attacked by strong alkalies and by hydrofluoric acid hut is virtually unaffected by other acids. The silicon dioxide has a unique structure, resulting from the intricate form of the diatom skeletons. The chemically combined waler content varies from 2 to 10%. Impurities that arc often found mixed with the diatomite are other aquatic fossils such as sponge residues, Radiolaria, siiicoflagcllata, sand, clay, volcanic ash, mineral aerosols, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, soluble salts, and organic matter. 

The combined supernatants are the sodium carbonate-soluble fraction. 

A convenient method of interpreting water analysis for the purpose of determining the calcium carbonate solubility equilibrium conditions is embodied in the Langelier equation. The Langelier equation can be used to... 

A derived expression relating to the saturation point of calcium carbonate solubility in water. Used frequently to interpret water analysis in order to determine the potential for CaCC>3 supersaturation and deposition (scaling) and also by inference, but not always correctly, the opposite nonscaling potential (corrosion risk). Although LSI is scaleless, the industry generally accepts and promotes the following ... 

Hi) pytkowicz, R. M., Disteche, A., and Disteche, S. Calcium carbonate solubility in seawater at in situ pressures. Earth. Plan. Sci. Letters 2, 430-432 (1967). 

Ben-Yaakov, S., Ruth, E., and Kaplan, I. R. Carbonate compensation depth Relation to carbonate solubility in ocean waters. Science 184, 982-984 (1974). 

Considering pressure, a threshold value is found above which the amount of dissolved C02 and (bi)carbonate, together with the dissolved calcium (determined also by L/S ratio) exceeds the calcium carbonate solubility product, such that precipitation can occur. 

Figure 12. The concentration dependences of hydrogen solubility in Pd-Pt (a), Fe-V (b) alloys, carbon solubility in Fe-Ni (c) and nitrogen solubility in Fe-Co, Fe-Mn (d, e) alloys...

White precipitate of barium carbonate soluble in dilute acids White precipitate of barium oxalate soluble in dilute acids Heavy, white, finely divided precipitate of barium sulfate White precipitate of barium sulfate... 

Practically insoluble in water, ethanol, chloroform, and diethyl ether freely soluble in dilute solutions of alkaline hydroxides and carbonates soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.1... 

---