Carbon and Energy

Fossil fuels were formed from the remains of plants and animals that were huried deep underground or underwater. Over long periods of time, pressure and heat converted the remains into coal, oil, and natural gas, which are called fossil fuels. 

There are many different types of hydrocarbons, hut all of them can hum. When a hydrocarbon burns, its carbon-hydrogen bonds break and release energy in the forms of heat and light. Humans have learned to harness the resulting heat to warm buildings and power engines. 

Coal is an impure rock made of long, branched chains of hydrocarbons. It is often dark and chalky and usually contains small amounts of other elements. Coals main advantage as an energy resource is its 

In 2002, 5,000 million tons of coal were produced globally. China is the largest coal producer in the world, while the United States is the second largest producer, with widespread coal deposits in the Appalachian Mountains, the western Rockies, and the state of Texas. 

The US. Department of Energy (DOE) states that about 92% of the coal burned in the United States is used to make electricity, while the rest is used to power industrial plants that make steel, cement, and paper. 

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The elemental and vitamin compositions of some representative yeasts are Hsted in Table 1. The principal carbon and energy sources for yeasts are carbohydrates (usually sugars), alcohols, and organic acids, as weU as a few other specific hydrocarbons. Nitrogen is usually suppHed as ammonia, urea, amino acids or oligopeptides. The main essential mineral elements are phosphoms (suppHed as phosphoric acid), and potassium, with smaller amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of copper, zinc, and iron. These requirements are characteristic of all yeasts. The vitamin requirements, however, differ among species. Eor laboratory and many industrial cultures, a commercial yeast extract contains all the required nutrients (see also Mineral nutrients). 

R w Until the 1930s, grain worts were used as the principal carbon and energy sources for yeast production. Since then, cane and... 

Both alkanes and gas oil can be used as carbon and energy sources. Commercially, Candida tropicalis and Candida lipolytica have been used (35,36). The fermentation contains two immiscible Hquid phases (the alkane and the water) the semisoHd yeast and the gaseous air phase. In contrast to yeasts grown on carbohydrates, where maximum yields are 50%, yeasts grown on alkanes generally give yields of 95—105% based on the weight of the alkane. 

Metabolic Classification of Organisms According to Their Carbon and Energy Requirements ... 

Define the differences in carbon and energy metabolism between photoautotrophszxidphotoheterotropHs, and between ehemoau-totropHs and ehemoheterotropHs. 

Goldemberg, J. Johansson, T. B. Reddy, A. K. N. and Williams, R. H. (1985). Basic Needs and Much More in One Kilowatt per Capita. Ainhio 14(4—5) 190-20f). Kaarsberg, T. M., and Roop, J. M. (1999). Combined Heat and Power in Indtisti y How Much Carbon and Energy can Manufacturers. Save IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, pp. 7-11, January Rosenfeld, A. H., and Bassett, U. (1999). The Dependence of Annual Energy Efficiency Improvement on Price and... 

Where a single substrate serves both as carbon and energy source, which is the case for chemoheterotrophic organisms used for biomass production, we can write ... 

In Japan Chlorella spp has been produced for food in continuous aseptic systems in conventional bioreactors. The organisms are grown in the dark as heterotrophs using sucrose (in the form of molasses) or glucose as carbon and energy source. Production has been 2,000-3,000 tonnes per year at a selling price of (US)10-22 kg 1 (1990 prices). This product is sold as a high-value health food. 

False. The ability to utilise methane as a sole source of carbon and energy (methanotrophy) is found in several genera of bacteria, such as Methylonumas, Pseudomonas and Methylococcus. 

Figure 4.9 The utilisation of methanol as a carbon and energy substrate by methylotrophs.

Carbohydrates are relatively cheap, available in large quantities and are readily utilisable source of carbon and energy for most micro-organisms. These considerations are particularly important for those exopolysaccharides produced on a large (bulk chemical) scale. 

Assume that you have a culture of a Mycobacterium sp which is able to use cholesterol or -sitosterol as its sole source of carbon and energy. 

Glucose source of carbon and energy for growth and exopolysaccharide production. 

Succinic add source of carbon and energy improves metabolic balance between carbon flux from glucose and oxidation throgh TCA cyde. 

PHAs are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy reserves (Keshavarz, Roy, 2010). Previous works stated that an intracellular accumulation of PHAs improves the survival of general bacteria under environmental stress conditions (Kadouri et al., 2005 Zhao et al., 2007). Various microorganisms are produced in different properties of biopolymer depending on the types of microorganisms and carbon sources used. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties (Chen Wu, 2005). 

Magli A, M Wendt, T Leisinger (1996) Isolation and characterization of Dehalobacterium formicoaceticum gen. nov., sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium utilizing dichloromethane as source of carbon and energy. Arch Microbiol 166 101-108. 

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