Alkanes generally

Chlorination of methane and halogenation of alkanes generally proceed by way of free radical intermediates Alkyl radicals are neutral and have an unpaired electron on carbon... 

Autoxidation of alkanes generally promotes the formation of alkyl hydroperoxides, but d4-tert-huty peroxide has been obtained in >30% yield by the bromine-catalyzed oxidation of isobutane (66). In the presence of iodine, styrene also has been oxidized to the corresponding peroxide (44). 

Both alkanes and gas oil can be used as carbon and energy sources. Commercially, Candida tropicalis and Candida lipolytica have been used (35,36). The fermentation contains two immiscible Hquid phases (the alkane and the water) the semisoHd yeast and the gaseous air phase. In contrast to yeasts grown on carbohydrates, where maximum yields are 50%, yeasts grown on alkanes generally give yields of 95—105% based on the weight of the alkane. 

Most alkyl halides react with zinc and aqueous acid to produce an alkane. General Reaction... 

The answer is d. (Hardman, pp 308-313.) Halothane is a substituted alkane general anesthetic. It undergoes significant metabolism in humans with about 20% of the absorbed dose recovered as metabolites. Halothane can cause postoperative jaundice and hepatic necrosis with repeated administration in rare instances. 

Olah showed that nitrations can be split into the three categories of electrophilic, nucleophilic and free radical nitration. Free radical nitrations are extensively used for the industrial synthesis of low molecular weight nitroalkanes from aliphatic hydrocarbons. Nucleophilic nitration is the basis for a number of important methods for the synthesis of nitro and polynitro alkanes. Generally speaking only electrophilic nitration is of preparative importance for the... 

The CF3 groups of 1,1,1-trifluoro-n-alkanes generally absorb at about -68 ppm, as typified by 1,1,1-trifluorohexane and 1,1,1-trifluorooctane, which are reported to absorb at -67.8 and -67.7 ppm, respectively, each appearing as a triplet with a Vpn = 11 Hz. As can be seen in Scheme 5.1, branching provides additional shielding to the CF3 fluorines. 

Draw the structure for the lowest molecular weight alkane (general molecular formula C H2n + 2, having only C and H and no Isotopes) that contains a stereogenic center. 

In the straight-chain alkanes (general formula the carbon atoms are... 

In the branched-chain alkanes (general formula C H2 +2), the carbon atoms are no longer arranged in a linear sequence, but instead can be bonded to three or four other carbon atoms. This possibility leads to a rich elaboration of structure in which two molecules with the same formula can have different structures, called geometrical isomers, and therefore quite distinct properties. 

A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds is an alkane (general formula C H2 +2, where n is a positive integer). For example, if n = 5, the formula is C5H[(2x5)+2] or C5H12. The alkanes comprise a homologous series, one in which each member differs from the next by a —CH2— (methylene) group. In an alkane, each C is sp hybridized. Because each C is bonded to the maximum number of other atoms (C or H), alkanes are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons. 

Alkanes generally react by replacement of a hydrogen atom. Once a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane, the involved carbon atom has an unpaired electron and the molecule becomes a free radical, in this case an alkyl radical. Examples of alkyl radicals are... 

Attack of an atom or free radical upon alkanes generally involves attack on hydrogen atoms via a more or less linear transition state (1). Attack at carbon in acyclic alkanes is excluded by a number of experimental observations including the absence of rupture of carbon-carbon bonds. Reactions proceeding via transition state 2 are excluded by the observed primary deuterium isotope effects which vary considerably with the nature of the attacking radical or atom. Moreover, when X = D , no hydrogen-deuterium exchange is observed by EPR spectroscopy for the radicals formed by attack of D upon... 

The low pifa values for alcohols ( 16 for methanol), compared to about 30 and 44 for alkenes and alkanes, respectively, along with the acid-base character of metal oxides, allows this step to be easily facilitated by a number of (amm)oxidation catalysts. These characteristics of the reaction allow selective ammoxidation of alcohols to be conducted under milder reaction conditions than ammoxidation of alkenes and alkanes, generally at temperatures below 400°C. This promotes selectivity for the ammoxidation of the alcohol to the corresponding nitrile product by lessening the oxidation activity of the catalyst for complete oxidation to COg. 

A hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds is an alkane (general formula CJi2n+2y where n is a positive integer). For example, if n = 5, the formula is C5H((2x5)+2]-... 

Section 4.15 Chlorination of methane, and halogenation of alkanes generally, proceed by way... 

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