Bacteria in General

Haemophilus influenzae and H. ducreyi are sensitive to trimethoprim. Pathogenic Neisseria (meningococci and gonococci) and Branhamella catarrhalis are moderately resistant to trimethoprim, although they are very sensitive to a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Anaerobic bacteria in general are resistant to trimethoprim, although a combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole does have an effect on them. Pneumocystis carinii is also sensitive to that combination. 

An inhibitory effect of rancid milk on the growth of Streptococcus lactis has been reported. Early reports (Schwartz 1974) claimed that rancid milk significantly inhibits the growth of bacteria in general and of Streptococcus lactis in particular. It has been stated that rancidity in milk may reach such a degree as to actually render the product sterile. (Schwartz 1974). Tarassuk and Smith (1940) attributed the inhibitory effect of rancid milk to changes in surface tension, but Costilow and Speck (1951) believe that the inhibition is due to the toxic effect of the individual fatty acids. 

Flora — Plants and bacteria in general or plant and bacterial life as distinguished from fauna (animal life). Flora usually refers to all the plant life inhabiting or characteristic of a particular region or locality. 

There is little doubt that bacteria in general, and actinomycetes in particular, in combination with the novel technologies and approaches for natural products discovery reported in the last years will continue to provide high levels of structural diversity and leads required for the development of future innovative drugs. 

The phenomenon of lateral gene transfer appears to be relatively common among bacteria over evolutionary time. As well as exchanging genes with close relatives by conjugation, bacteria in general are able to take up pieces of DNA from their environment, and occasionally these will become incorporated into their own DNA. 

Putrefactive bacteria in general work most vigorously at a reaction very close to the neutral point. This fact no doubt underlie the method of controlling proteolytic action in Boak liquors by the addition of alkaline compounds. Wilson made a Btudy of the hydrogen-ion concentration of soak liquors in which proteolytic bacterial action was most active and found the pH valves between 5.5 and 6.0. 

Figures 9 shows the inhibition of control starch film, starch/chitosan composite film (S C 9 1), and Starch/Chitosan nanocomposite (S C 9 1+2 %CNF) film toward bacteria Bacillus subtilis (left) and Escherichia coli (right). Control starch film showed no inhibition toward both bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, in fact, there were colonies of bacteria formed under the film. It shows that the control starch film is not able to inhibit bacteria. In general, Starch/Chitosan composite (S C 9 1) film demonstrates inhibition toward both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.

Ergosterol is the chief sterol in mushrooms, and fiicosterol in the brown algae. The higher plants contain complex mixtures of sterols. Bacteria, in general, do not contain sterols, or other steroids. 

For detailed information on the bacteria in general and marine bacteria In particular, see Brisou, 1980 Austin, 1988 Barbler and Prieur, 1991 Blankenship et ai, 1995 Pietra, 1997 Yurkov and Beatty, 1998b Prieur and Parkes, 1999 Delong, 2002 Tortora, Funke, and Case, 2003 Laatsch, 2006. Concerning the taxonomy of bacteria, see Vandamme eto/., 1996 Larpent, 2000. 

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