Carbohydrates removal

Figure 3.10 Relative amounts of lignin and carbohydrate removed during the Kraft and acid sulfite processes.

Benzyl-, acetyl- groups for carbohydrates removed under basic or reductive conditions... 

The red kidney bean a-amylase inhibitor contains 9-10% covalently bound carbohydrate. Removal of up to 70% of the carbohydrate does not affect the activity of the inhibitor (110). The glyco groups, removed from the protein, do not inhibit a-amylase at 3.5 X 10 times the concentration of the inhibitor (110). Chemical modification studies indicate that histidine and tyrosine residues in the inhibitor may be important for its activity (110). 

In bleaching fiber is usually treated with sodium chlorite and links are developed between lignin and carbohydrates. Removal of noncellulosic compounds by chemical treatments resulted in improvement of mechanical and physical characteristics as well as of fiber strength [33]. 

Naringase Naringin Naringenin + carbohydrate Removal of the bitter taste of grapefruit juice. Naringenin is less bitter than naringin. 

F g.3. Glycoproteins. Processing of the asparagine-linked precursor carbohydrate. Removal of the three glucose residues produces a high-mannose structure, designated (man)j. Subsequent removal of mannose produces high-mannose structures (man)a to (man)4. 

Fujishima, S., Miyahara, T. Noike T. 2000. Effect of moisture content on anaerobic digestion of dewatered sludge ammonia iiihibition to carbohydrate removal and methane production. Water Sci Technol. A 0>) 119-27. 

For mixture.s the picture is different. Unless the mixture is to be examined by MS/MS methods, usually it will be necessary to separate it into its individual components. This separation is most often done by gas or liquid chromatography. In the latter, small quantities of emerging mixture components dissolved in elution solvent would be laborious to deal with if each component had to be first isolated by evaporation of solvent before its introduction into the mass spectrometer. In such circumstances, the direct introduction, removal of solvent, and ionization provided by electrospray is a boon and puts LC/MS on a level with GC/MS for mixture analysis. Further, GC is normally concerned with volatile, relatively low-molecular-weight compounds and is of little or no use for the many polar, water soluble, high-molecular-mass substances such as the peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and similar substances found in biological systems. LC/MS with an electrospray interface is frequently used in biochemical research and medical analysis. 

Soybean products that have been processed to remove a portion or all of the carbohydrates and minerals are used to make textured vegetable proteins which can be formed into various shapes and textures (see Soybean and other oilseeds). Many canned dog foods utilize the textured vegetable protein chunks with added juices, flavor enhancers, vitainins, and minerals to produce canned dog foods that have the appearance of meat chunks. 

Soybean concentrate production involves the removal of soluble carbohydrates, peptides, phytates, ash, and substances contributing undesirable flavors from defatted flakes after solvent extraction of the oil. Typical concentrate production processes include moist heat treatment to insolubilize proteins, followed by aqueous extraction of soluble constituents aqueous alcohol extraction and dilute aqueous acid extraction at pH 4.5. 

Figure 8 illustrates one of the processing schemes used for separating various components in a hydrocarbon-containing plant. Acetone extraction removes the polyphenols, glycerides, and sterols, and benzene extraction removes the hydrocarbons. If the biomass species in question contain low concentrations of the nonhydrocarbon components, exclusive of the carbohydrate and protein fractions, direct extraction of the hydrocarbons with benzene or a similar solvent might be preferred. 

Analysis of coatings is simplified if the coating can be removed from the paper in a water bath by ultrasonic cleaning. If fibers are not present, a carbohydrate deterrnination can be used to identify gums and other carbohydrate polymers in the coating. 

Chemical pulps are produced in a digester where the wood is cooked in pressurized vessels using heat and chemicals to break the intercellular stmcture of the wood and extractives. The objective is to remove the lignin from the fibers without degrading the carbohydrate content of the wood. 

Raw lac is first treated to remove water-soluble carbohydrates and the dye that gives lac its red color. Also removed are woody materials, insect bodies, and trash. It is further refined by either hot filtration or a solvent process. In the heat process, the dried, refined lac is filtered molten through cloth or wine screens to produce the standard grades of orange shellac. In the solvent process, lac is dissolved and refluxed in alcohol solvents, filtered to remove dirt and impurities, and concentrated by evaporation. The lac can be further decolori2ed in this process to produce very pale grades. Bleached shellac is prepared by treatment with dilute sodium hypochlorite and coalesced into slabs. 

Beet juice contains about 80% of fermentable carbohydrates and nitrogenous compounds. To remove these compounds, a yeast fermentation utilising Candida utillis has been suggested (141). By so doiag, a more concentrated form of the dye becomes available. The red dye from beets is sold as beet juice concentrate, as dehydrated beet root, and as a dried powder. 

A second family of carbohydrate-degrading enzymes, the lysozymes, produces synergistic antimetastatic activity when co-adrninistered with cisplatin [15663-27-1] to mice whose primary tumor had been surgically removed (51). 

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