Demand, and capacity

PS is a global product, of which North America, Western Europe, and Southeast Asia are the principal consumers (Fig. 33). Global PS production capacity generally parallels the demand for the material (Fig. 34). However, the trend siace early 1980s has been toward narrowiag the gap between capacity and demand ia an effort to maximize the profitabiUty of the busiaess. 

Strong growth in demand during the period 1985—95 from existing and new appHcations led to firm pricing and expansion of world capacity. Total world demand in 1995 was estimated to be approximately 60,000 metric tons. Balance of capacity and demand at that time resulted in a selling price of 16.00/kg. More recently (ca 1997), prices have dropped to less than 10/kg. 

World capacity and demand for tetrachloroethylene were approximately 1100 and 845 thousand metric tons ia 1974, respectively. Although demand iacreased iato the mid-1980s, siace then demand for tetrachloroethylene has decreased significantly as a result of the phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons, the use of more efficient dry-cleaning equipment, and iacreased reclamation of waste solvent. World capacity and demand as of 1988 are provided ia Table 2 Several United States manufacturers have shut down faciUties ia the last fifteen years. Current manufacturers and their capacities are Hsted ia Table 3. United States production and sales history is shown ia Table 4. 

Table 2. Tetrachloroethylene World Production Capacity and Demand by Region, 10 t...

Production Capacity and Demand. The production capacity for each dye or dye intermediate has rarely been aimounced officially by the individual manufacturers. However, the world demand of anthraquinone colorants can be roughly estimated as in Table 13 and, more specifically, in Figure 13. Principal manufacturers of anthraquinone dyes and their intermediates are as follows ... 

As we have seen, however, the circulation of money also plays a pivotal role in the reproduction schema. Without borrowing from the financial system expanded reproduction is not possible. Investment is exogenous, financed not out of the pockets of capitalists, but by the financial system. Embedded in the tension, established by Domar, between investment as a dual source of capacity and demand, is a fragile network of credit relationships between capitalists and banks. Marx s reproduction schemes expose the stringent conditions on the finance and realization of investment that are required for balanced growth. Since these conditions are unlikely to be met - supply is unlikely to create its own demand - a refutation of Say s Law is offered by the reproduction schema. 

Figure 16.3. Case study for integrating offshore wind energy in the north-western region in Germany - location of wind capacities and demand centres (own illustration based on DENA (2005 2007)).

Expand the reusability and recyclability of wastes and products and the demand for recycled materials. Research is needed to improve the reusability and recyclability of wastes and products, and to increase the capacity and demand for recycled materials in production processes. Such improvements will prolong the useful life of materials and reduce the environmental impacts of wastes and pollutants from all waste streams. 

Table 5 PVDF production capacity and demand in major markets...

In the case of potash, both production and consumption must be examined on a free-world rather than a strictly domestic basis. In Figure 7 we have undertaken—with a good deal of hesitancy—to project potash capacity and demand for the entire free world to 1975. 

MOREHyS is used separately for each country. A country is divided into areas, and all capacities and demand are described at this level. Hydrogen demand areas are defined on the basis of NUTS areas. Due to computing limitations, areas with similar indicators are merged. In total, 20-26 regions are distinguished per country and a distinction is made between urban and rural regions. Both types play an important role in the build-up of a hydrogen infrastructure. 

These planning tools determine the appropriate production, transportation, and inventory policies for a set of manufacturing plants, warehouses and retailers. Specifically, given manufacturing, warehouse and retailer locations, production, inventory and transportation costs and capacities, and demand forecasts for each retail outlet, the objective is to determine policies that achieve high levels of customer service with minimal cost. 

Resource economics A cause-effect type of relationship between available performance resources (i.e., capacities) and demands of higher-level tasks in which the relevant subsystems are used. 

In a related context, an Original Equipment Suppliers Association (OESA)/McKinsey study suggested that interface costs between a supplier and OEM can be estimated to be 5.2% of total cost. The study also estimated that 80% of the waste in the auto industry was due to poor supplier management and was linked to product specifications, part complexity, and ineffective coordination of capacity and demand. The supply... 

Ammonia and fertilizers is a sector in which it has been difficult to achieve a balance between capacity and demand, and this has often led to major cost cutting and losses for many companies. In tonnage terms it is one of the most important sectors and it is based on the Haber process for ammonia. This is very energy demanding (moderately high temperatures and very high pressures) and a fortune is awaiting anyone who can find a viable alternative route. It will not be easy since no one has yet succeeded despite 70 years of intensive research effort ... 

Section 12.6.3 discusses the various methods of pressure control in vacuum systems. It points out that some situations, more common with liquid-ring pumps than with steam jets, favor allowing atmospheric air to enter the process. This balances capacity and demand. The chlorine recovered here, however, may be combined with the cell gas and processed through liquefaction. In that case, the air added to the system reduces the efficiency of liquefaction (Section 9.1.7.2A). Pressure control by recycling some of the compressed vapor to the vacuum producer then would be a better method. 

Zhou et al. [61] described production planning of multi-location plant and distributors on condition that unit production cost, production capacity and demand are fuzzy parameters. They built up a fuzzy expected value model and fuzzy related chance-constrained programming model in consideration of different decision criteria and discussed a clear equivalent form of the fuzzy programming model when... 

Figure 2 Capacity and Demand spectra for medium and long period T determination of the target displacement for SDOF.

There are two approaches to managing capacity one is to adjust capacity and the other is to manipulate demand. Generally, organizations will seek to match capacity and demand using both approaches. 

It can be noted that for LDPE the capacity surpasses the consumption, while for HDPE the situation is the opposite (Table 1.5). European demand for LDPE is around 5 MMT per year and has grown by an average of 1% per year over the past 10 years. Film and sheet applications account for 73% of total consumption and in blends with LLDPE. LLDPE demand is growing more rapidly at about 8 % per year, and it is predicted to become the dominant polymer in Europe and North America. The trends in PE capacity and demand until 2012 are shown in Figure 1.4. 

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