Canola quality

The need for canola type quality imposes additional difficulties on the development of hybrid rape cultivars. Concentration on quality in Canada and in Europe has resulted in a temporary decrease in the genetic diversity in the new canola cultivars. For this reason the probability of obtaining a satisfactory level of heterosis in the F, of crosses between these varieties is decreased. Thus, it will probably be necessary to find lines that provide high levels of heterosis in certain cross combinations and introduce the quality characteristics into them by backcrossing. The task of producing hybrids with canola quality is formidable and is not likely to be accomplished in less than 10 years. 

Hybrid varieties could be developed more quickly without canola quality. This approach appears to have been taken in China. In that country, hybrid cultivars, some using incompatibility and others utilizing cytoplasmic male sterility, are under development and appear to be close to commercial utilization (Stefansson, 1980). 

The goal of this chapter is to present two of the rapid methods used to analyse canola quality. The particular advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each of these techniques will be discussed. 

Apart from a few reports" on solid acid catalyzed esterification of model compounds, to our knowledge utilization of solid catalysts for biodiesel production from low quality real feedstocks have been explored only recently. 12-Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) impregnated on hydrous zirconia was evaluated as a solid acid catalyst for biodiesel production from canola oil containing up to 20 wt % free fatty acids and was found to give ester yield of 90% at 200°C. Propylsulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica catalyst for esterification of FFA in flotation beef tallow showed a superior initial catalytic activity (90% yield) relative to a... 

Brassica napus is a widely grown crop used primarily for the production of oil, which is classed as either rapeseed oil or canola oil depending on its quality and content. 

Iodine, colorimetric determination of amylase using, 689-692 Iodine value, lipid composition canola oil, 474 (table) oil quality indices, 467-469, 475-477 lodometric titration, determination of peroxide value, 518-519 Ionization techniques, in mass... 

Cereal grains, such as maize, barley, wheat and sorghum, are the main ingredients of poultry diets and usually provide 30-60% of the total AA requirements. Other sources of protein such as soybean meal and canola meal must be provided to ensure adequate amounts and a proper balance of essential AAs. The protein levels necessary to provide adequate intakes of essential AAs will depend on the feedstuffs used. Feedstuffs that contain high-quality proteins (i.e. with an AA pattern similar to the bird s needs) or mixtures of feedstuffs in which the AA pattern of one complements the pattern in another will meet the essential AA requirements at lower dietary protein levels than feedstuffs with a less desirable AA pattern. This is important if one of the goals is to minimize N excretion. 

The extracted meal is a high-quality, high-protein feed ingredient. Canola meal from B. campestris contains about 350g/kg CP, whereas the meal from B. napus contains 3canola meal is lower and the methionine content is higher than in soybean meal. Otherwise it has a comparable AA profile to soybean meal. However, the AA in canola meal are generally 8-10% less available than in soybean meal (Heartland Lysine, 1998) therefore, canola meal must be properly processed to optimize the utilization of the protein. 

Perez-Maldonado, R.A. and Barram, K.M. (2004) Evaluation of Australian canola meal for production and egg quality in two layer strains. Proceedings of the 16th Australian Poultry Science Symposium. New South Wales, Sydney, pp. 171-174. 

Urquhart, A., Cadden, AM., Jelen, P. 1984. Quality of milk and butter related to canola-based protected lipid feed supplement. Milchwissenschaft 39, 1-6. 

The type and content of chlorophylls and their derivatives in the seed define the quality of extracted and processed canola oil, which has an impact on the quality of the processed oil. Composition and content of these pigments is related to the maturity of the seed (Table 10). 

A typical chemical composition of crude, refined, and deodorized canola oils is presented in Table 12. The deodorized oil data represents the oil quality used as a food ingredient. 

Processing methods developed over the years are designed to extract canola oil from the seeds to produce a high-quality raw oil for further processing and a high-quality protein meal as an animal feed. 

Typical properties of alkah-refined, bleached canola oil and of acid-water-degummed, acid pretreated, bleached canola oil ready for hydrogenation or steam refining/deodorization are given in Table 16. With the exception of the concentration of free fatty acids, the two process routes produce the same bleached oil quality. 

Quality Assurance In the processing of canola oil to edible oil products, much the same quality control procedures are applied as with other oils. A few aspects, such as for example the presence of chlorophyll derivatives in crude oil and their removal in processing, are somewhat unique. AOCS (76) or other standard methods, such as lUPAC, ISO, or DGF are commonly used. 

Sunflower lecithin is not produced in considerable amounts worldwide. This is mainly because of the low lecithin content of crude sunflower oil as compared with 2.9% for soybean, 1.9% for canola, 2.4% for cottonseed, and 2.0-2.7% for com oil (normalized at 70% of insolubles in acetone). Lecithin removal from sunflower oil may be justified in strong sunflower producer countries. It may be used as a food additive in view of its high phosphatidylcholine and essential fatty acid content. Upon refining and fractioning stages, the quality of sunflower lecithin may be improved for the manufacture of food products and cosmetics. 

The unsaponifiable matter of soy, corn, canola/rapeseed, sunflower, cottonseed, peanut, and palm ranges from 10-30%, and it is composed of 40% phytosterols and 15% tocopherols (199-202). The temperature, duration, quantity of skimming vapor, and the extent of vacuum used for deodorization are the parameters that greatly influence the quality and quantity of DOD. The low content of tocopherols and sterols in the DOD often requires a concentration step however, if the starting material is soybean, this is not an issue because of the high concentration of these compounds. 

Currently, most biodiesel is synthesized from higher quality vegetable oils, including canola, sunflower, and soy. More recently, used frying oil and tallow have... 

Downey, R.K. (1990) Canola A quality brassica oilseed. In Janick, J. and Simon, J.E. (eds.). Advances in New Crops. Proceedings of the First National Symposium NEW CROPS Research, Development, Economics. Timber Press, Portland, OR, pp. 211-215. 

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