Alcohol cancer

After heart disease and cancer, alcohol-related disorders are considered the third most important health problem in the United States, estimated to account for at least one fourth of all hospitalizations in this country. Almost 50% of those who suffer from alcohol dependence also abuse other legal and illicit drugs (see Appendix D). Alcohol is involved in 25% to 35% of all suicides and 50% to 70% of all homicides it also figures prominently in accidental deaths and domestic violence (388, 389). Furthermore, causes of death resulting from excessive alcohol use include the following ... 

Atherogenesis Emphysema bronchitis Parkinson disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy Cervical cancer Alcoholic liver disease Diabetes... 

Petersen DR. Alcohol, iron-associated oxidative stress and cancer. Alcohol 2005 35(3) 243-9. 

Poshel G, Seitz HK. Alcohol and cancer. Alcohol Alcohol 2004 39(3) 155-65. 

Itoga, S., F. Nomura, Y. Makino, T. Tomonaga, H. Shimada, T. Ochiai et al. (2002). Tandem repeat polymorphism of the CYP2E1 gene An association study with esophageal cancer and lung cancer. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 15S-19S. 

Pregnancy/preec lamps ia Cervical cancer Alcohol-induced liver disease Hemodialysis Diabetes... 

Accounting for approximately two-thirds of all cancers, voluntary cancers caused by smoking and bad diet occupy an exceptional position, these being followed by the endogenously caused cancers. Alcohol, causing 3% of all fatal cancer cases, is as relevant as asbestos. Occupational tumors are predominantly caused by asbestos. These tumors are responsible for approx. 4% of the total number of fatal cancer cases. However, it should be realized that only a small fraction of the population is exposed at the workplace to carcinogens, whereas about 50% of the population smoke and everybody has a genetic risk. 

C,flH2o02- White crystals, m.p. 168-171 °C. Prepared from deoxyanisoin by ethylation, conversion to the alcohol, dehydration and demethylation. It is an oestrogenic substance which is highly active when administered orally. It is used for treating menopausal symptoms, for the suppression of lactation and for treatment of cancer of the prostate. 

Urethane [51-79-6] (ethyl carbamate) occurs as a natural by-product in fermented products such as wine, Hquors, yogurt, beer, bread, oHves, cheeses, and soy sauces. Whereas urethane has a known cancer etiology in experimental animals, no such relationship has yet been proven in humans (108,109). Alcohol may act by blocking the metaboHsm of urethane, and thus exert a protective effect in humans consuming alcohoHc beverages (110). 

The C-5 alcohols are more toxic and narcotic than the lower homologues. Toxicity to rats from amyl alcohols decreases in the order tertiary, secondary, primary. Toxicity of 3-methyl-1-butanol appears to have been studied the most. This alcohol caused a slight increase in cancerous tumors compared to controls in two studies (137,138). The tumors were located primarily in the stomach and Hver. 

Folate antagonists (eg, methotrexate and certain antiepileptics) are used ia treatment for various diseases, but their adininistration can lead to a functional folate deficiency. Folate utilization can be impaired by a depletion of ziac (see Zinc compounds). In humans, the intestinal bmsh border folate conjugase is a ziac metaHoenzyme (72). One study iadicates that the substantial consumption of alcohol, when combiaed with an iaadequate iatake of folate and methionine, may iacrease the risk of colon cancer (73). Based on this study, it is recommended to avoid excess alcohol consumption and iacrease folate iatake to lower the risk of colon cancer. 

International. Agency for Research on Cancer (1988). Alcohol Drinking. IAR.C Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Hum,ans, vol. 44. International Agency for Research on Cancer, [yon, France. 

Neuropathic pain is initiated or caused by a primary lesion in the peripheral or central nervous system. The causative agent may be trauma, nerve-invading cancer, herpes zoster, HIV, stroke, diabetes, alcohol or other toxic substances. Neuropathic pain is refractory to most analgesic drugs. Altered sodium channel activity is characteristics of neuropathic pain states. 

True. Excessive alcohol use can lead to many health problems. Heart and liver disease, increased risks of strokes, stomach, liver and mouth cancer, and dementia are all associated with excess alcohol use. 

NOMURA A, GROVE J S, STEMMERMANN G N, STEVENSON R K (1990) A prospective Study of stomach cancer and its relation to diet, cigarettes and alcohol consiunption. Cancer Res. 50 627-31. 

N-Nitrosamines are formed during processing and smoking of tobacco products. Proteins, agricultural chemicals and alkaloids in tobacco products serve as major precursors for volatile, nonvolatile, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (Figure 1). In this review we will summarize the progress achieved in respect to tobacco nitrosamines since the last ACS symposium in Boston in June of 1978 (J ). Additional papers will review the metabolism of cyclic N-nitrosamines, including that of N -nitrosonornicotine 1) and the correlation between tobacco and alcohol consumption and cancer of the upper alimentary tract (J ). 

Ratnasinghe, D. et al., Serum carotenoids are associated with increased lung cancer risk among alcohol drinkers, but not among non-drinkers in a cohort of tin miners, Alcohol, 35, 355, 2000. 

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