Multiple contaminants

The reaction mechanism depends on the chemistry of the active oxidant and chemical contaminants. Multiple sequential and parallel reaction steps occur frequently. Partial oxidation produces noxious byproducts. 

Two species of buffalo fish, smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus) and bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus), were collected from a contaminated (multiple metals and organic chemicals) Mississippi River Basin ecosystem, DS, and a control site, Tunica Swamp, both near Baton Rouge, LA [17], The buffalo fish... 

The radioactive nature of the actinides, especially the transuranics, can introduce significant challenges in the characterization of their complexes. In order to prevent contamination, multiple layers of containment are often required, which can limit the types of studies that can be undertaken. However, a suite of spectroscopic tools has been used to study the chemistry and speciation of the actinides. A partial list of these techniques includes absorption, emission and vibrational spectroscopies, X-ray absorption and diffraction, and multinuclear magnetic resonance. 

Although spatial relationships are usually considered, time is another important gradient. The effects of a contaminant can vary depending upon season, as can the effects of other gradients that can confound the detection of effects. In order to accurately represent and understand the effects of contaminants, multiple samples should be taken so that a temporal gradient can be established. 

That doublets and triplets are not contaminated by triplets and quartets, respectively, is simply due to the fact that the contaminating multiplicities must be associated with determinants containing the same number of electrons. Hence, doublet states (which must have an odd number of electrons) can only be contaminated by states with multiplicities four, six, and so on. Similarly, triplet states (which must have an even number of electrons) can only be contaminated by states with higher and odd multiplicities. 

Isolation of radioactive wastes for long periods to allow adequate decay is sought by the use of multiple barriers. These include the waste form itself, the primary containers made of resistant materials, overpacks as secondary layers, buffer materials, concrete vaults, and finally the host rock or sod. Barriers limit water access to the waste and minimize contamination of water suppHes. The length of time wastes must remain secure is dependent on the regulatory limit of the maximum radiation exposure of individuals in the vicinity of the disposal site. 

On homogenization, the lysate may drastically increase in viscosity due to DNA release. This can be ameliorated to some extent using multiple passes to reduce the viscosity. Alternatively, precipitants or nucleic acid digesting enzymes can be used to remove these viscosity-enhancing contaminants. 

Cathodic protection with impressed current, aluminum or magnesium anodes does not lead to any promotion of germs in the water. There is also no multiplication of bacteria and fungi in the anode slime [32,33]. Unhygienic contamination of the water only arises if anaerobic conditions develop in the slurry deposits, giving rise to bacterial reduction of sulfate. If this is the case, HjS can be detected by smell in amounts which cannot be detected analytically or by taste. Remedial measures are dealt with in Section 20.4.2. 

When groundwater contaminant plumes are suspected of having significant depth as well as lateral distribution, a three-dimensional array of monitoring points is needed to identify and characterize such plumes. Thus, groundwater data must be obtained from a number of different locations and from a number of different depths at each location. As a result, either a large number of drillholes are required, each with separate instrumentation installed, or instruments must be combined and installed at multiple levels in each of a smaller number of drillholes. 

Deactivation and D D actions can range from stabilization of multiple hazards at a single site or facilities containing chemical or radioactive contamination, or both, to routine asbestos and lead abatement in a nonindustrial structure. Strategies include programs that meet compliance objectives, protect workers, and make certain that productivity and cost-effectiveness are maintained. The content and extent of health and safety-related programs should be proportionate to the types and degrees of hazards and risks associated with specific operations. 

Rinsing Rinsing removes contaminants through dilution, physical attraction, and solubilization. Multiple rinses with clean solutions remove more contaminants than a single rinse with the same volume... 

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