Cancer Colon tumours

Colorectal Cancer. Colorectal cancer occurs frequently in the UK population but is historically rare in Asia. Rates in Japan have, however, increased rapidly in recent years.Interestingly, there appears to be an association between oestrogen exposure and colon cancer risk has been shown to increase in women with increasing age of first live birth, and to decrease with increasing parity (number of children). In addition, many colon tumours express sex hormone receptors, and this is thought to play a part in development of the tumours. "... 

HAGUE A, MANNING A M, HANLON K A, HUSCHTSCHA L I, HART D, PARASKEVA C (1993) Sodium butyrate induces apoptosis in human colonic tumour cell lines in a p53-independent pathway impUcations for the possible role of dietary fibre in the prevention of large-bowel cancer. /ni J Cancer. 55 498-505. 

Colorectal cancer is a well-established complication of ulcerative colitis (Lennard-Jones era/., 1990 Ekbom et al., 1990). It has been shown that inflammation enhances the formation of colonic tumours in experimental animals given known carcint ens (Chester etal., 1986) and it is tempting to speculate that the longterm inflammatory response is respronsible for the increased risk of malignancy in ulcerative colitis. However, there is very little direct evidence to support this. It has also been postulated that free radicals may play a part in the development of sporadic cancers (Babbs,... 

M. C. Marchetti, G. Migliorati, R. Moraca, C. Riccardi, I. Nicoletti, R. Fabiani, V. Mastrandrea and G. Morozzi, Possible mechanisms involved in apoptosis of colon tumour cell lines induced by deoxycholic acid, short-chain fatty acids, and their mixtures, Nutr. Cancer, 1997, 28(1), 74. 

R. K. Wall, D. Stoiber, L. Nguyen, J. Hart, M. D. Sitrin, T. Brasitus and M. Bissonnette, Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits the initiation and postinitiation phases of azoxymethane-induced colonic tumour development. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2002, 11, 1316. 

Wl. Watson, S., Durrant, L., and Morris, D Gastrin Growth enhancing effects on human gastric and colonic tumour cell. Br. J. Cancer 59, 554-558 (1989). 

Cancer is a collective name for at least 200 different diseases characterized by unrestrained growth. From 1942, it began to be controlled by medication. Cancers are of two major kinds (a) solid tumours and (b) the leukaemias and lymphomas of the blood and lymphatic systems respectively. In the Western nations, the largest causes of cancer-related deaths are lung cancer, colonic (including rectal) cancer in men, and breast cancer in women. 

As well as providing fuel, butyrate (which contains four carbon atoms) can reduce the proliferation of colonocytes, which may reduce the risk of tumour development. This is one suggestion to explain how high-fibre diets protect against colon cancer (Chapter 21). 

Most cancers in humans can be divided into three groups according to age (i) embryonic tumours (neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour) (ii) tumours found mainly in the young (leukaemias, bone, testis) and (iii) tumours that appear frequently in middle and old age (prostate, colon, skin, bladder and breast). 

N. D. Nigro, N. Bhadrachari and C. Chomchai, A rat model for studying colonic cancer Effect of cholestyramine on induced tumours, Dis. Colon Rectum, 1973, 16, 438. 

O Brien CA, Pollett A, Gallinger S, Dick JE (2007) A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature 445 106-110... 

Holgate ST (1999) The epidemic of allergy and asthma. Nature 402(Suppl 6760) B2-B4 Hoskin DW, Reynolds T, Blay J (1994a) Colon adenocarcinoma cells inhibit anti-CD3-activated killer cell induction. Cancer Immunol Immunother CII 38(3) 201-207 Hoskin DW, Reynolds T, Blay J (1994b) Adenosine as a possible inhibitor of killer T-cell activation in the microenvironment of solid tumours. Int J Cancer 59(6) 854-855 Hoskin DW, Reynolds T, Blay J (1994c) 2-Chloroadenosine inhibits the MHC-unrestricted cytolytic activity of anti-CD3-activated killer cells evidence for the involvement of a non-Aj/ A2 cell-surface adenosine receptor. Cell Immunol 159(1) 85—93 Hoskin DW, Buttler JJ, Drapeau D, Haeryfar SM, Blay J (2002) Adenosine acts through an A3 receptor to prevent the induction of murine anti-CD3-activated killer T cells. Int J Cancer 99(3) 386—395... 

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