Cancer chemopreventative

ZHANG L-x, CONNEY R V and BERTRAM J s (1991) Carotenoids enhance gap jrmctional communication and inhibit lipid peroxidation in C3H/1077/2 cells relationship to their cancer chemopreventative action . Carcinogenesis, 12, 2109-14. 

Pezzuto, J. M. Cancer chemopreventative agents from plant materials to clinical intervention trials. In A. D. Kinghorn, M. F. Balandrin (eds) Human Medicinal Agents from Plants. ACS Symposium Series No. 534, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1993 205-215. 

Hofseth LJ, Sawa T, Hussain SP, Harris CC. Inducible nitric oxide 23. synthase as a target for chemoprevention. Cancer Chemoprevent. 2004 1 133-151. 

Fahmy, H., Zjawiony, J.K., Konoshima, T, Tokuda, H Khan, S and Khalifa, S. (2006) Potent skin cancer chemopreventing activity of some novel semi-synthetic cembranoids from marine sources. Mar. Drugs, 4, 28-36. 

STAR trial (Study of tamoxifen and raloxifene), which was completed in 2006, demonstrated additional utility of raloxifene in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. In fact, the absence of associated uterotrophic effects with raloxifene suggests that it may be a safer agent than tamoxifen for use as a chemopreventative in high-risk postmenopausal women [3] therefore, raloxifene has very recently become a new option for breast cancer prevention now available for physicians and their patients. 

TALALAY p (1991) Chemical Protection Against Cancer by Inducation of Electrophile Detoxification (phase 2) Enzymes Cellular Molec Targets Chemoprev, 1-11. 

In addition to antineoplastic, cytotoxic agents, there are cancer therapeutic or preventative drugs that are intended to be given on a chronic basis. This includes chemopreventatives, hormonal agents, immunomodulators, and so on. The toxicity assessment studies on these will more closely resemble those of more traditional pharmaceutical agents. Chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and Ml developmental toxicity (ICH A-B, C-D, E-F) assessments will be required. For a more complete review, the reader is referred to DeGeorge et al. (1998). 

Tamoxifen is a partial estrogen agonist in breast and thus is used as a treatment and chemopreventative for breast cancer. Tamoxifen is a full agonist in bone and endometrium, and prolonged use of tamoxifen leads to a fourfold to fivefold increase in the incidence of endometrial cancer. See Chapter 56 for a detailed discussion of the use of tamoxifen in breast cancer. 

Selenium has been shown to be an unusually important dietary chemopreventative. In general, the dietary chemopreventative effects have been demonstrated between 0.5 and 1.0 ppm. However, most animals have a dietary requirement of 0.1 to 0.2 ppm of selenium. The dietary requirement seems to be lower than the amount needed for the optimal chemopreventative effect and therefore may not be related to a minimal nutritional requirement. On the other hand, one could also postulate that cancer is a nutritionally related disease and that the real requirement is around 0.5 ppm. 

Melanotan 1 is a tridecapeptide analog of a-MSH with melanotropic activity (Bhardwaj and Blanchard, 1996). It has been evaluated in clinical trials for its chemopreventative activity for sunlight-induced skin cancers (Bhardwaj and Blanchard, 1996). Melatonin I (pH 7.4) was formulated as a controlled release... 

Klein EA. Clinical models for testing chemopreventative agents in prostate cancer and overview of SELECT The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003 163 212-225. 

Certain limonoids have been shown to possess antifeedant effects on some insects and anticarcinogenesis activity in mice. Although further research is needed, limonoids appear to have potential as insecticides or chemopreventative agents against cancer. Citrus fruit and seeds are an excellent source of these compounds. 

Fucoxanthin is known to be important free-radical scavengers and antioxidants for the prevention of oxidative damage, which is an important contributor in carcinogenesis. Therefore, it might be suggested that fucoxanthin has potent capacities for new anticancer product developments in the food industries as well as in pharmaceuticals as novel chemopreventing agents for cancer therapy. 

Lamartiniere CA, Moore J, Holland M, Barnes S (1995) Neonatal genistein chemoprevents mammary cancer. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208 120-123... 

NO-ASA is a promising agent for the prevention of HT-29 in human colon adenocarcinoma, Hepa lclc7 mouse liver adenocarcinoma cells (Gao et al. 2006), pancreatic cancer (Ouyang et al. 2006 Rosetti et al. 2006 Tesei et al. 2008), and human ovarian cancer cells (HOCCs) (Bratasz et al. 2006). Moreover, NO-ASA has chemopreventative properties against azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats (Rao et al. 2006). 

---