Cancer blood concentrations

The major role of skeletal muscle is movement, which is described and discussed in Chapter 13). Nevertheless, since muscle comprises 40% of the body it is large enough to play a part in control of the blood concentrations of the major fuels glucose, fatty acids, triacylglycerol and some amino acids. Skeletal muscle contains the largest quantity of protein in the body, which is used as a source of amino acids under various conditions (e.g. starvation, trauma, cancer see above). It plays an important part in the metabolism, in particular, of branched-chain amino acids, glutamine and alanine, which are important in the overall metabolism of amino acids in the body (discussed below). 

FIGURE 13 Blood and tumor concentrations of bioactive ceramide-lipid C6 in tumorbearing mice were maintained over a 48-h period (a) 10- and 40-mg/kg doses of liposomal-C6 followed first-order kinetics with blood concentration exceeding in vitro IC50 sustaibed at 48h (b) at these doses steady-state concentration of C6 in tumor tissue achieved at 60min. The 40-mg/kg dose maintained a concentration above the desired IC50 up to 48 h. (Reprinted from ref. 431 with permission of American Association for Cancer Research.)... 

Fujii, T. Naito, H. Kioka, H. Tanioka, Y. Murakami, J. Sanada, M. Tanimoto, H. Nakagawa, H. Tanaka, T. Furui, J. Effect of intravaginal administration of cisplating (CDDP) suppositories to uterine cervical cancer-blood and tissue concentrations and the therapeutic effects. Jpn. J. Cancer Chem. 1995, 22, 99-103. 

The fact that blood concentrations of P-tocopherol, y-tocopherol, and 5-tocopherol are lowered by a-tocopherol (42) should be taken into account in investigations on the clotting and bleeding balance and in cancer research. 

In a study of Finnish workers (292 men and 557 women) exposed primarily to tetrachloroethylene, nonsignificant increases in non-Hodgkin s lymphoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer were noted (Anttila et al. 1995). The total number of cancer cases in this study was 31. Blood concentrations of tetrachloroethylene measured in random samples taken from these workers averaged 116 pg/L in men and 66 pg/L in women. As the biological exposure index associated with an 8-hour exposure of 25 ppm is 500 pg/L tetrachloroethylene in blood (ACGIH 1995), these workers were probably exposed to concentrations of tetrachloroethylene below 25 ppm. 

B vitamin intake or vitamin blood concentrations have also been related to various cancers. The cancer types that have been best investigated with respeet to folic acid are colon cancer and colorectal cancer. Convincing evidence from observational studies led to the initiation of randomized controlled trials with folic acid in colorectal adenomas. However, similar to cardiovascular disease, there seems to be a discrepancy between the observational epidemiological studies that reported in the majority an inverse association of folate and cancer risk, and the effect of folic acid supplementation in the randomized controlled trials, which reported no effect of folic add on recurrence of colorectal adenoma risk. 

A prospective cohort study on risk for cancer that utilized blood concentrations of vitamin C is being done in Basel, Switzerland (Stahelin et al., 1991). To date they have found an overall reduced cancer risk for total cancer with increasing vitamin C concentrations for the first 12 years of follow-up. This is statistically insignificant. The only significant results refer to stomach cancer in those under 60 years of age. 

Clinical laboratory technicians, also known as medical laboratory technicians, perform a wide variety of tests on body fluids and cells that help in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. These tests range from determining blood concentrations of glucose and cholesterol to determining drug levels in the blood for transplant patients or a patient undergoing treatment. Clinical laboratory technicians also prepare specimens in the detection of cancerous tumors, and type blood samples for transfusions. Clinical laboratory technicians must also interpret and analyze the test results, which are then passed on to the physician. 

A malignant condition, a blood cancer, wherein there is uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells, leukocytes. These are produced in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph tissues. Blood concentrations of leukocytes may increase a hundredfold. There are several forms of the disease, the exact causative factors of which are unknown. However, excessive radiation, certain chemicals, heredity, and hormonal abnormalities have been implicated. New techniques employed to combat leukemia have greatly increased a patient s chances of complete remission. During treatment, a supportive diet should be given which is higher than normal in energy and nutrient content and which is acceptable and appetizing. 

At the whole-body level, some population studies have indicated that certain carotenoids from either dietary intake or blood concentration data are associated with better immune response, lower rates of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract, as well as lower risk for certain cancers and cardiovascular disease. /d-Carotene may increase immunological functions by enhancing lymphocyte... 

While the body of evidence seems strong, several studies have found either no or weak associations between lycopene consumption and disease. Some of this may be explained by the fact that blood lycopene concentrations were much lower in these studies than in those that showed a beneficial effect. Thus, future dietary based studies need to include blood sampling to further define the range of blood concentrations of lycopene in the population, ideally with method standardization so that studies can be directly compared. The prostate cancer association is usually stronger for cooked tomato products rather than raw tomatoes or total lycopene intake. This too supports the idea that it is the whole food, with a broad array of nutrients and nonnutritive bioactive components, that is important for overall health rather than isolated compounds. It is possible that the beneficial effects of tomatoes are increased by preparing a concentrated product that enhances the nutrient bioavailability, as processed and cooked tomatoes are more closely associated to decreased risk of disease than either raw tomatoes or tomato juice. 

Lissoni P, Cazzaniga M, Ardizzoia A, Rossini F, Fiorelli G, Tancini G, Pittalis S, Barni S. Cytokine regulation of iron metabolism effect of low-dose interleukin-2 subcutaneous therapy on ferritin, transferrin and iron blood concentrations in cancer patients. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 1993 7 31-33. 

It was shown that Cyt c concentration decrease in blood of pathological state of cancer. The greater days carcinoma develops the less concentration of Cyt c in semm of mice. 

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