Can Be Significant

Purchase order cycle time was reduced by 50%. Automation of purchase orders went to 70% of the total. 

Suppliers rated the effort as good to excellent, particularly in view of the shared savings. 

From this upper echelon list, the firm matches key suppliers with high-impact categories and chooses a small number of partners to participate in a disciplined, systematic supplier relationship management (SRM) effort. These partners meet with the buying firm and establish a mission or strategic purpose for the SRM effort. The focus then moves to analyzing the total cost of ownership (or total life cycle costs) and finding the hidden cost reduction opportunities and extra values in the relationships. 

---

The process requires (Qup + Qlp) to satisfy its enthalpy imbalance above the pinch. If there were no losses from the boiler, then fuel W would be converted to shaftwork W at 100 percent efficiency. However, the boiler losses Qloss reduce this to below 100 percent conversion. In practice, in addition to the boiler losses, there also can be significant losses from the steam distribution system. Figure 6.336 shows how the grand composite curve can be used to size steam turbine cycles. ... 

Steam costs vary with the price of fuel. If steam is only generated at low pressure and not used for power generation in steam turbines, then the cost can be estimated from local fuel costs assuming a boiler efficiency of around 75 percent (but can be significantly higher) and distribution losses of perhaps another 10 percent, giving an overall efficiency of around 65 percent. 

Anyway, it can be significant to compare the thermographic results at 5Hz (amplitude of pressure periodic change equal to about 5 bar shown in fig. 11b, 12b and 13 b) to the ones achieved with the rosetta strain gauges shown in fig. 17 at the same pressure inside the vessel. 

In counting experiments, the instantaneous rate at which particles arrive at the detector can be significantly... 

Of the NMR-active nuclei around tluee-quarters have / > 1 so that the quadnipole interaction can affect their spectra. The quadnipole inter action can be significant relative to the Zeeman splitting. The splitting of the energy levels by the quadnipole interaction alone gives rise to pure nuclear quadnipole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy. This chapter will only deal with the case when the quadnipole interaction can be regarded as simply a perturbation of the Zeeman levels. 

The geometrical flexibility of the VOF scheme can be significantly improved if in its formulation, instead of using a fixed framework, a combination of a Lagrangian-Eulerian approach is adopted. The most common approach to develop such a combined framework is the application of the Arbitrary... 

Precision The precision of a gas chromatographic analysis includes contributions from sampling, sample preparation, and the instrument. The relative standard deviation due to the gas chromatographic portion of the analysis is typically 1-5%, although it can be significantly higher. The principal limitations to precision are detector noise and the reproducibility of injection volumes. In quantitative work, the use of an internal standard compensates for any variability in injection volumes. 

Where there is a temperature difference between the object to be weighed and the surrounding air, air currents will be induced close to the object s surface (12). These can be significant if extreme accuracy is required. Objects should be allowed to reach thermal equiHbrium in the laboratory before weighing. Just as important, the balance should be designed to minimize the temperature rise inside the weighing chamber. In extreme cases, the object should be placed inside the chamber until it reaches thermal equiHbrium before weighing. Needless to say, drafts must be avoided. 

The shear stresses are proportional to the viscosity, in accordance with experience and intuition. However, the normal stresses also have viscosity-dependent components, not an intuitively obvious result. For flow problems in which the viscosity is vanishingly small, the normal stress component is negligible, but for fluid of high viscosity, eg, polymer melts, it can be significant and even dominant. 

When two phases are present the situation is quite complex, especially in beds of fine soHds where interfacial forces can be significant. In coarse beds, eg, packed towers, the effects are often correlated empirically in terms of pressure drops for the single phases taken individually. 

Transformations in the Solid State. From a practical standpoint, the most important soHd-state transformation of PB involves the irreversible conversion of its metastable form II developed during melt crystallization into the stable form I. This transformation is affected by the polymer molecular weight and tacticity as well as by temperature, pressure, mechanical stress, and the presence of impurities and additives (38,39). At room temperature, half-times of the transformation range between 4 and 45 h with an average half-time of 22—25 h (39). The process can be significantly accelerated by annealing articles made of PB at temperatures below 90°C, by ultrasonic or y-ray irradiation, and by utilizing various additives. Conversion of... 

The effect of temperature, pressure, and oil composition on oil recovery efficiency have all been the subjects of intensive study (241). Surfactant propagation is a critical factor in determining the EOR process economics (242). Surfactant retention owing to partitioning into residual cmde oil can be significant compared to adsorption and reduce surfactant propagation rate appreciably (243). 

Some particle size measuring techniques ate more particle shape sensitive than others. Data obtained by different methods can be significantly different, and whenever a particle size is reported, the measuring technique and conditions should always be mentioned. Even using the same equipment, the extremes of the distributions (low and high 10%) are usually not readily reproducible. 

Emissions During Processing. During the production of flexible PVC products plasticizers are exposed for up to several minutes to temperatures of - ISO C. The exact conditions depend on the processing technique employed, but it is evident that the loss of plasticizer by evaporation and degradation can be significant. 

PTMEG is a polymeric ether susceptible to both thermal and oxidative degradation. It usually contains 300—1000 ppm of an antioxidant such as 2,6-di-/ f2 -butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) to prevent oxidation under normal storage and handling conditions. Thermal decomposition in an inert atmosphere starts at 210—220°C (410—430°E) with the formation of highly flammable THE. In the presence of acidic impurities, the decomposition temperature can be significantly reduced contact with acids should therefore be avoided, and storage temperatures have to be controlled to prevent decomposition to THF (261). 

Nonraw-material variable costs consist largely of utiHty costs, but other costs can be significant in this area. Eor example, operating costs for additional waste treatment are in this category. Nonraw-material variable costs account for 5—20% of the total manufacturing cost of an alkylphenol operation. 

---