Conversion percent

Figure 1 Effect of monomer concentration on the total conversion percent and grafting efficiency. LR 30 I, acid concentration l%, initiator concentration 0. l%, grafting time 1 h, and reaction temperature 27°C — = total conversion (%) O—O = grafting efficiency (%).

The effect of acid concentration on the rate of grafting has been studied. It is clear that increasing the acid concentration from 0.5% to 1.0% increases not only the total monomer conversion percent from 60.1% to 61.5%, but also the grafting efficiency from 58.0% to 59.6%. This... 

Figure 3 Effect of residual lignin percent in the pulp on total conversion percent and graft yield percent. LR 40 1, reaction time 1 h, reaction temperature 27°C, monomer concentration 1 mL/g pulp, initiator concentration 1%, and acid conversion 1% — = total conversion (%), O—O = graft yield (%).

Metal Temperature (°C) Percent total conversion Percent hydro- genolysis Percent isomer- ization Percent dehydro- cyclization... 

Additive (A) Molar ratio A Ni Reaction time (hr) Conversion- percent cis 1 4 trans 1 4 1.2... 

Figure 2. Distribution of esterase activity in the pheromone glands of H. subf lexa. H. virescens and H. zea as indicated by relative conversion (percent) of (Z)-11-tetradecen-l-ol acetate to the alcohol analog when using the cell homogenate (checked bars) or cell free cuticle (solid bars) (N - 7 replications of 3 female equivalents per species).

COAL NAME RUN NO. GAS TEMPERATURE C PRESSURE. MAXIMUM -P.sAg AP CONVERSION, PERCENT OIL YIELD, PERCENT VISCOSITY AT 60 C CD... 

The effect of different catalysts on the conversions and product distribution showed a significant improvement when the temperature was increased from 400 to 430°C. The catalysts showed greater reactivity at 430°C, as indicated by the higher conversion percent. The LDPE reaction with ZSM-5 (Z) and NiMo (N), were most effective for increasing LDPE conversion and HXs yields at 430°C [14]. 

Ru(bpy) ZnTMPyP NAD(P) Enzymes Percent Conversion Percent Optical Purity Final Product Concentration (M) Initial Substrate Concentration (M)... 

TABLE 6.1 Reaction Conversion Percent Counter-Current Sweep Mode... 

Figure 2 Transfer hydrogenation of a mixture of seven different ketones (S1-S7) in the presence of catalyst P-3 (dark bars) or P-4 (light bars). The conversion percent shows the product distribution after 20 min of reaction time. The numbers in parentheses correspond to the ratio of percentage conversion in the presence of P-3 to P-4.

Again, it is difficult to select the initial setting of the reactor conversion with systems of reactions in series. A conversion of 50 percent for irreversible reactions or 50 percent of the equilibrium conversion for reversible reactions is as reasonable as can be guessed at this stage. 

An initial guess for the reactor conversion is very difficult to make. A high conversion increases the concentration of monoethanolamine and increases the rates of the secondary reactions. As we shall see later, a low conversion has the effect of decreasing the reactor capital cost but increasing the capital cost of many other items of equipment in the flowsheet. Thus an initial value of 50 percent conversion is probably as good as a guess as can be made at this stage. 

To make an initial guess for the reactor conversion is again diflicult. The series nature of the byproduct reactions suggests that a value of 50 percent is probably as good as csm be suggested at this stage. 

Single reactions. For single reactions, a good initial setting is 95 percent conversion for irreversible reactions and 95 percent of the equilibrium conversion for reversible reactions. Figure 2.9 summarizes the influence of feed mole ratio, inert concentration, temperature, and pressure on equilibrium conversion. ... 

For multiple reactions in which the byproduct is formed in series, the selectivity decreases as conversion increases. In this case, lower conversion than that for single reactions is expected to be appropriate. Again, the best guess at this stage is to set the conversion to 50 percent for irreversible reactions or to 50 percent of the equilibrium conversion for reversible reactions. 

Achieving complete conversion of FEED to PRODUCT in the reactor usually requires an extremely long residence time, which is normally uneconomic (at least in continuous processes). Thus, if there is no byproduct formation, the initial reactor conversion is set to be around 95 percent, as discussed in Chap. 2. The reactor effluent thus contains unreacted FEED and PRODUCT (Fig. 4.1a). 

The process requires (Qup + Qlp) to satisfy its enthalpy imbalance above the pinch. If there were no losses from the boiler, then fuel W would be converted to shaftwork W at 100 percent efficiency. However, the boiler losses Qloss reduce this to below 100 percent conversion. In practice, in addition to the boiler losses, there also can be significant losses from the steam distribution system. Figure 6.336 shows how the grand composite curve can be used to size steam turbine cycles. ... 

The reactants dissolve and immediately begin to react to form further dichloroethane. The reaction is essentially complete at a point only two-thirds up the rising leg. As the liquid continues to rise, boiling begins, and finally, the vapor-liquid mixture enters the disengagement drum. A very slight excess of ethylene ensures essentially 100 percent conversion of chlorine. 

Mixtures containing equal quantities of enantiomers are called racemic mixtures Racemic mixtures are optically inactive Conversely when one enantiomer is present m excess a net rotation of the plane of polarization is observed At the limit where all the molecules are of the same handedness we say the substance is optically pure Optical purity or percent enantiomeric excess is defined as... 

Carbonyl compound Hydrate hydr Percent conversion to hydrate Relative rate ... 

Figure 6.2 shows how the percent conversion of methyl methacrylate to polymer varies with time. These experiments were carried out in benzene at... 

Because of the decrease in R, Rp and u increase as the percent conversion increases. 

Gaseous Effluents. Twenty percent of the carbon disulfide used in xanthation is converted into hydrogen sulfide (or equivalents) by the regeneration reactions. Ninety to 95% of this hydrogen sulfide is recoverable by scmbbers that yield sodium hydrogen sulfide for the tanning or pulp industries, or for conversion back to sulfur. Up to 60% of the carbon disulfide is recyclable by condensation from rich streams, but costly carbon-bed... 

Another method of manufacture involves the oxidation of 2-isopropylnaphthalene ia the presence of a few percent of 2-isopropylnaphthalene hydroperoxide/i)ti< 2-22-(y as the initiator, some alkaU, and perhaps a transition-metal catalyst, with oxygen or air at ca 90—100°C, to ca 20—40% conversion to the hydroperoxide the oxidation product is cleaved, using a small amount of ca 50 wt % sulfuric acid as the catalyst at ca 60°C to give 2-naphthalenol and acetone in high yield (70). The yields of both 2-naphthalenol and acetone from the hydroperoxide are 90% or better. 

---