Camellia sinensis, caffeine

Theaceae Camellia sinensis Caffeine Theophylline Theobromine... 

Tea Camellia sinensis Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine Adenosine (antagonist) Adenosine... 

Caffeine is one of most widely consumed alkaloids on a daily basis. As well as being a significant constituent of coffee (Caffea arabica) and tea Camellia sinensis), caffeine is also present in kola Kola species), guarana... 

Geen tea Camellia sinensis Reduces cancer, lowers lipid levels, helps prevent dental caries, antimicrobial and anti oxidative effects Contains caffeine (may cause mild stimulant effects such as anxiety, nervousness, heart irregularities, restlessness, insomnia, and digestive irritation) Contains caffeine and should be avoided during pregnancy, by individuals with hypertension, anxiety, eating disorders, insomnia, diabetes, and ulcers. 

Seasonal variations in the metabolic fate of adenine nucleotides prelabelled with [8—1-4C] adenine were examined in leaf disks prepared at 1-month intervals, over the course of 1 year, from the shoots of tea plants (Camellia sinensis L. cv. Yabukita) which were growing under natural field conditions by Fujimori et al.33 Incorporation of radioactivity into nucleic acids and catabolites of purine nucleotides was found throughout the experimental period, but incorporation into theobromine and caffeine was found only in the young leaves harvested from April to June. Methy-lation of xanthosine, 7-methylxanthine, and theobromine was catalyzed by gel-filtered leaf extracts from young shoots (April to June), but the reactions could not be detected in extracts from leaves in which no synthesis of caffeine was observed in vivo. By contrast, the activity of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate synthetase was still found in leaves harvested in July and August. 

Suzuki, T. and Takahashi, E., Caffeine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis, Phytochemistry, 15,1235,1976b. 

Tea , in this work, refers only to the plant Camellia sinensis, its leaves, and the extracts and infusions thereof. Leaf, bark, stem, root, or flower extracts of scores of other plants are also sold as teas , creating confusion. An important reason for the consumption of these other teas , a.k.a. herbal teas or tisanes , is their lack of methylxanthines, unlike beverages prepared from Camellia sinensis which are naturally rich in these substances, especially caffeine. 

Purine alkaloids Caffeine synthase Camellia sinensis, Coffea arabica... 

Caffeine Xanthine Increases mental alertness Camellia sinensis... 

CS050 Shervington, A., L. A. Shervington, F. CS060 Afifi and M. A. El-Omari. Caffeine and theobromine formation by tissue cultures of Camellia sinensis. Phytochemistry 1998 47(8) 1535-1536. 

Caffeine and theanine from cultured cells of Camellia sinensis. Phytochemistry 1990 29(8) 2539-2543. 

Caffeine Caffeine [l,3,7-trimethyl-l//-purine-2,6(3/7,7//)-dione], molecular formula C8H10N4O2, is a xanthine (purine) alkaloid, found mainly in tea leaves Camellia sinensis) and coffee beans (Coffea arabica). Caffeine is sometimes called guaranine when found in guarana (Paullinia cupana), mateine when found in mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and theine when found in tea. Caffeine is found in a number of other plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide. It is odourless white needles or powder. Apart from its presence in the tea and coffee that we drink regularly, caffeine is also an ingredient of a number of soft drinks. 

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze China Caffeine, theophylline, tannic acid, theobromine, xanthine.33,47 Diuretic effect, increases renal blood flow, stimulate central nervous system. 

Caffeine (1.10), found in coffee (Coffea arabica), was introduced to Europe through Constantinople (modem Istanbul) in the 1500s (Figure 1.5). The stimulant effects of coffee were widely acknowledged, but coffee was recognized as a useful diuretic. Caffeine was first synthesized by Emil Fischer in 1882. Two related compounds, theobromine (1.11) and theophylline (1.12), found in cacao seeds (Theobroma cacao) and tea (Camellia sinensi), respectively, are more potent diuretics than caffeine.1 All three compounds are based on the purine ring system (1.13). 

KATO, M., KANEHARA, T., SHIMIZU, H SUZUKI, T GILLIES, F.M., CROZIER, A., ASHIHARA, H., Caffeine biosynthesis In young leaves of Camellia sinensis in vitro studies on TV-methyltransferase activity involved in the conversion of xanthosine to caffeine. Physiol. Plant, 1996,98,629-636. 

Methyl derivatives of xanthine (2,3-dioxypurine) namely caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl-xanthine), theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine) (Section 1, Appendix) are variously found in plants used for stimulatory drinks such as Ilex paraguayensis (mate) (Aquifoliaceae), Coffea species (coffee) (Rubiaceae), Paullinia cupana (guarana) (Sapindaceae), Cola acuminata (cola) and Theabroma cacao (cocoa) (Sterculiaceae) and Camellia sinensis (tea) (Theaceae). These methylxanthines are variously active as inhibitors of... 

Sterculiaceae) [seed], Camellia sinensis (tea) (Theaceae) [leaf] Sinomenium acutum (Menispermaceae) major metabolite of Caffeine Tabernanthe iboga (iboga),... 

Camellia sinensis (green tea) contains caffeine and antioxidant polyphenols. It has been touted as being useful in a wide variety of conditions, including cancer prevention, mostly on relatively slim epidemiological evidence (1), cardiovascular disorders, and AIDS. 

Tea is made by processing the leaves of the tea tree Camellia sinensis, which originated in the southern areas of Yunnan province in China, and is now spread throughout the world. This plant has been used as a medicine for 5,000 years, and was probably first selected because its leaves contain a high concentration of caffeine. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant, and other caffeine-containing plant products, such as coffee beans, cacao beans, guarana berries, kola nuts, and mate leaves, have been selected and used to make beverages by people on various continents. 

Perva-Uzunalic, A., Skerget, M., Knez, Z., Weinreich, B., Otto, F., and Gruner, S. 2006. Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis) Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine. Food Chem. 96 597-605. 

Theae folium Tea Camellia sinensis (L,) KUN1"ZB Theaceae MD 2.5%-4d% caffeine 0.02%-0.03% theophylline 0.05% theobromine Polyphenols tannins catechin type (10% 20%), dimeric thcaBavins, oligomeric procyanidins flavonoid glycosides Fig. 29,30... 

Caffeine is an alkaloid isolated from coffee, tea or the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis (Iheaceae), or prepared synthetically. 

The methyixanthines naturally occur in coffee Coffea arabica), cacao Theobroma cacao), and tea Camellia sinensis) (29). The major methyixanthines are caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, and they differ by the... 

Caffeine is also found in tea leaves from Camellia sinensis (up to 5 %) and in the seeds of cola nuts (Cola nitida, up to 2 %). Mat6 (Paraguay tea. Ilex para-guariensis, with 0.3-1.5%) and the seeds of the cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao, with 0.05%) show a significantly lower content. The main alkaloid in cocoa beans is theobromine. 

Q. Chen, J. Zhao, Z. Guo, X. Wang, Determination of caffeine content and main catechinscon-tents in green tea (Camellia sinensis L.), using taste sensor technique and multivariatecalibra-tion. J. Food Compos. Anal. 23, 353-358 (2010)... 

P. C. van der Pijl, L. Chen, T. P. J. Mulder (2010) Human disposition of L-theanine in tea or aqueous solution. J. Fund Foods, 2, 239-244. http //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia sinensis (last access February 25, 2014). http //www.thefragrantleafcom/caffeine.html (last access February 25, 2014). http //www.holymtn.com/tea/caffeine oontent.htm (last access February 25, 2014). http //en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/Decaffeination Decaffeinated tea (last access February 25, 2014). http //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine (last access February 25, 2014). 

Methylxanthines and methyluric acids are secondary plant metabolites derived from purine nucleotides (Figure 6.59). The most well-known methylxanthines are caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), which occur in tea (Camellia sinensis. Camellia ptilophylla, and Camellia taliensis) [242,243], coffee (Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora) [244, 245], cacao (Theobroma cacao) [246], and a number of other nonalcoholic beverages of plant origin Ilex paraguariensis, Paullinia cupana. Cola species and Citrus species [247-249]... 

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