Sodium calcium phosphate

Calcium oxalate monohydrate Calcium phosphate (dibasic) Calcium pyrophosphate Calcium sodium phosphate Calcium sulfate Calcite... 

Rhenania phosphate is made by sintering phosphate rock at 1200°C with soda ash and silica, cooling and then grinding. In this way the phosphate rock is opened up and made more suitable for application. Tetracalcium phosphate, Ca4P20g, can be formed as well as calcium sodium phosphates and calcium silicate. The main reaction has been represented as (12.12). 

My hypothesis is that the chemistry speakers, especially Oxygen Levels, are the voices that precede and open the way for the other music. At important points, the chemistry changed before the biology, and the chemical changes could have been predicted from the regular mathematical patterns of the periodic table, for oxygen, calcium, sodium, phosphate, and so on. 

Description of Method. Salt substitutes, which are used in place of table salt for individuals on a low-sodium diet, contain KCI. Depending on the brand, fumaric acid, calcium hydrogen phosphate, or potassium tartrate also may be present. Typically, the concentration of sodium in a salt substitute is about 100 ppm. The concentration of sodium is easily determined by flame atomic emission. Because it is difficult to match the matrix of the standards to that of the sample, the analysis is accomplished by the method of standard additions. 

Minerals. Supplementation of macrominerals to mminants is sometimes necessary. Calcium and phosphoms are the minerals most often supplemented in mminant diets. One or both may be deficient, and the level of one affects the utilization of the other. Limestone, 36% calcium, is commonly used as a source of supplemental calcium. Dolomite, 22% calcium oyster sheUs, 35% calcium and gypsum, 29% calcium, are sources of calcium. Bone meal, 29% calcium, 14% phosphoms dicalcium phosphate, 25—28% calcium, 18—21% phosphoms and defluorinated rock phosphate, 32% calcium, 18% phosphoms, are sources of both calcium and phosphoms. Diammonium phosphate, 25% phosphoms phosphoric acid, 32% phosphoms sodium phosphate, 22% phosphoms and sodium tripolyphosphate, 31% phosphoms, are additional sources of phosphoms (5). 

The FCC is to food-additive chemicals what the USP—NF is to dmgs. In fact, many chemicals that are used in dmgs also are food additives (qv) and thus may have monographs in both the USP—NF and in the FCC. Examples of food-additive chemicals are ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (see Vitamins), butylated hydroxytoluene [128-37-0] (BHT) (see Antioxidants), calcium chloride [10043-52-4] (see Calcium compounds), ethyl vanillin [121-32-4] (see Vanillin), ferrous fumarate [7705-12-6] and ferrous sulfate [7720-78-7] (see Iron compounds), niacin [59-67-6] sodium chloride [7647-14-5] sodium hydroxide [1310-73-2] (see lkaliand cm ORiNE products), sodium phosphate dibasic [7558-79-4] (see Phosphoric acids and phosphates), spearmint oil [8008-79-5] (see Oils, essential), tartaric acid [133-37-9] (see Hydroxy dicarboxylic acids), tragacanth [9000-65-1] (see Gums), and vitamin A [11103-57-4]. 

Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, is removed by a variety of processes, of which one is a regenerative solution process using aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, sodium phosphate, Na PO, and sodium carbonate, Na2C02. 

Chemical precipitation and solvent extraction are the main methods of purifying wet-process acid, although other techniques such as crystallisa tion (8) and ion exchange (qv) have also been used. In the production of sodium phosphates, almost all wet-process acid impurities can be induced to precipitate as the acid is neutralized with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. The main exception, sulfate, can be precipitated as calcium or barium sulfate. Most fluorine and siUca can be removed with the sulfate filter cake as sodium fluorosiUcate, Na2SiFg, by the addition of sodium ion and control of the Si/F ratio in the process. 

Orthophosphate salts are generally prepared by the partial or total neutralization of orthophosphoric acid. Phase equiUbrium diagrams are particularly usehil in identifying conditions for the preparation of particular phosphate salts. The solution properties of orthophosphate salts of monovalent cations are distincdy different from those of the polyvalent cations, the latter exhibiting incongment solubiUty in most cases. The commercial phosphates include alkah metal, alkaline-earth, heavy metal, mixed metal, and ammonium salts of phosphoric acid. Sodium phosphates are the most important, followed by calcium, ammonium, and potassium salts. 

Calcium Phosphates. The alkaline-earth phosphates are generally much less soluble than those of the alkaH metals. Calcium phosphates include the most abundant natural form of phosphoms, ie, apatites, Ca2Q(P0 3X2, where X = OH, F, Cl, etc. Apatite ores are the predominant basic raw material for the production of phosphoms and its derivatives. Calcium phosphates are the main component of bones and teeth. After sodium phosphates, the calcium salts are the next largest volume technical- and food-grade phosphates. Many commercial appHcations of the calcium phosphates depend on thek low solubiHties. 

U.S. consumption of industrial-grade phosphoric acid and phosphates in 1993 according to product categories (34) was phosphoric acid, at 29% sodium phosphate, 52% calcium phosphate, 7% potassium phosphate, 3% ammonium phosphate, 5% and others, 4%. Consumption according to market is given in Table 12. 

About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

In addition to the requirement to conform to steam purity needs, there are concerns that the boiler water not corrode the boiler tubes nor produce deposits, known as scale, on these tubes. Three important components of boiler tube scale are iron oxides, copper oxides, and calcium salts, particularly calcium carbonate [471-34-1]. Calcium carbonate in the feedwater tends to produce a hard, tenacious deposit. Sodium phosphate is often added to the water of recirculating boilers to change the precipitate from calcium carbonate to calcium phosphate (see also Water, industrial water treatment). 

In men, administration of an androgen may result in breast enlargement (gynecomastia), testicular atrophy, inhibition of testicular function, impotence, enlargement of the penis, nausea, jaundice, headache, anxiety, male pattern baldness, acne, and depression. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, which include sodium, water, chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate retention, may also be seen. 

Bone is a porous tissue composite material containing a fluid phase, a calcified bone mineral, hydroxyapatite (HA), and organic components (mainly, collagen type). The variety of cellular and noncellular components consist of approximately 69% organic and 22% inorganic material and 9% water. The principal constiments of bone tissue are calcium (Ca ), phosphate (PO ), and hydroxyl (OH ) ions and calcium carbonate. There are smaller quantities of sodium, magnesium, and fluoride. The major compound, HA, has the formula Caio(P04)g(OH)2 in its unit cell. The porosity of bone includes membrane-lined capillary blood vessels, which function to transport nutrients and ions in bone, canaliculi, and the lacunae occupied in vivo by bone cells (osteoblasts), and the micropores present in the matrix. 

Small amounts of modified methylcellulose and mono-substituted sodium phosphate (both 0.1%), may be added to plugging cement [1766]. The mono-substituted sodium phosphate weakens the effect of calcium ions on modified methylcellulose and prevents its coagulation. Stabilization of the plugging solution and increased strength of the cement rock result. 

The bones and teeth of humans and other vertebrate animals, for example, consist mainly of a composite material made up of an organic substance, collagen, and a biomineral, calcium carbonate phosphate (see Textboxes 32 and 61). The latter, which makes up about two-thirds of the total dry weight of bone, is composed of calcium phosphate containing between 4-6% calcite (composed of calcium carbonate) as well as small amounts of sodium, magnesium, fluorine, and other trace elements. The formula Ca HPChXPChMCChXOH) approximately represents its composition its crystal structure is akin to that... 

Write the formula for each of the following compounds (a) hydrogen iodide, (b) calcium chloride, (c) lithium oxide, (d) silver nitrate, (e) iron(II) sulfide, (/) aluminum chloride, (g) ammonium sulfate, (h) zinc carbonate, (/) iron(lll) oxide, ( ) sodium phosphate, (k) iron(H) acetate, (/) ammonium cyanide, and (m) copper(II) chloride. 

Write formulas for each of the following compounds (a) calcium hydrogen carbonate, (b) disodium hydrogen phosphate, (c) sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and (d) calcium dihydrogen phosphate. 

Hydroxyapatite is prepared by mixing a solution of sodium phosphate (Na2HP04) with calcium chloride (CaCl2). A white precipitate known as brushite is formed. Brushite is then converted to hydroxyapatite by heating to 100°C in the presence of ammonia ... 

Precipitating the coupling component with acetic acid or phosphoric acid often automatically provides the buffer that is necessary to maintain a certain pH throughout the coupling reaction. Otherwise, buffers such as sodium acetate, sodium phosphate, or calcium carbonate ( chalk coupling ) must be added. 

Since 1973, progress has been made in all the fields reviewed and a more complete review of Franck s work has appeared (29). For the present purposes it is necessary to concentrate on the two areas which are least well studied simple electrolytes between 300 C and the critical point and the chemistry of aqueous transition metal cations. A number of studies which do not fall into these categories must, however, be mentioned because of their direct relevance to boiler water chemistry. These are studies of sodium phosphate phase equilibria (30), ammonia dissociation (31) and isopiestic studies of calcium and magnesium chlorides (32). 

Dulbecco s phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) 100 mg anhydrous calcium chloride, 200 mg potassium chloride, 200 mg monobasic potassium phosphate, 100 mg magnesium chloride 6 H2O, 8 g sodium chloride, and 2.16 g dibasic sodium phosphate 7 H2O bring volume to 1 L with deionized glass-distilled water, pH 7.4. 

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