CAA Requirements

The CAA requires major stationary sources to install pollution control equipment and to meet specific emissions limitations. In addition, the 1990 CAA amendments required major stationary sources to obtain operating permits. Examples of stationary sources include manufacturers, processors, refiners, and utilities. 

Because of Clean Air Act (CAA) requirements, most foundries have been required to install air pollution control equipment over their melting operations to come into compliance with these regulations. Foundries typically use either a dry baghouse or some form of wet scrubber system (e.g., wet cap, venturi, etc.) to collect the particulates from the melting operation. 

Agency. The CAA required the government to establish the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), which would protect the public health from air pollution. These standards would be identified by the USEPA and set the maximum concentrations for each pollutant in the ambient, or outside, air. The CAA identified six criteria pollutants to be regulated ... 

At the very least, a facility is required to develop a plan describing how it will respond to an incident that threatens human health and/or the environment. Generally, the plan includes notification, evacuation, protection of employees, and control of the incident. This emergency response plan usually must be in writing. For example, the OSHA requires a minimum of three plans emergency response, emergency action, and fire prevention. The CAA requires that the state implementation plan have an emergency air pollution episode plan. 

Reformulated and oxygenated fuels have been already used at different regions of the United States where the ozone level limit has been exceeded. As indicated earlier, one way to reduce air pollution from cars and trucks is to use an RFG that is designed to burn cleaner, while the CAA requires cities with the worst... 

The simple model was not directly used for monitoring VOC emissions. The EPA determined that a fuel with an RVP of 8.1 psi and 2.0 wt% oxygen would be sufficient to achieve the minimum 15% VOC emission reduction. Baseline emission levels are from 1990 model year (MY) vehicles operated on a baseline gasoline (Table 1). The baseline fuel, derived from average survey data of the compositions of gasolines in the United States in 1989, is shown in Table 1. This baseline fuel was defined to indicate a performance standard and not a formula composition standard. To achieve equivalency certification, refiner and importer s gasoline must comply with the CAA requirements for emissions as shown in Table 2. " ... 

The air emissions of concern to the CAA are hazardous or toxic air pollutants. The CAA regulations not only apply to major sources of pollution but also to remediation units, process vents, and equipment leaks. The CAA requirements apply at facilities at which a site remediation meets the following conditions (a) The site remediation is colocated at the facility with one or more stationary sources that emit hazardous air pollutants and the remediation itself has potential to emit hazardous air pollutants, and (b) the facihty is a major source of hazardous air pollutants. All emission sources at the facility, as well as the site remediation activity, must be included when determining the total amount of hazardous air pollutants. Site remediations to which air emission regulations do not apply are... 

State Implementation IMans (SIPs). The CAA requires EPA to establish NAAQS at levels which are requisite to protect public health. With the assistance of the States, EPA identifies areas that have attained the NAAQS, (attainment areas) and other areas which may need to reduce emissions in order to attain the NAAQS (nonattainment areas). The CAA gives States the primary responsibility for the attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS. 

The amended CAA requires States to adopt SIP revisions subject to EPA approval that incorporate the NSR and RACT requirements of the CAA. These new rules for ozone nonattainment areas were generally required to be submitted by November 15, 1992. States, in their RACT rules are generally expected to require final installation of the actual NO, controls by May 31, 1995 from those sources for which installation by that date is practicable. In some instances EPA would allow additional time for rule submittal and control installation... 

The NSR requirements include, but are not limited to, requirements that a new or modified major stationary source will apply controls representing lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) and that the source will obtain an emission offset prior to operation. LAER is generally defined as the most stringent emission limitation which is achieved in practice by such category of source. In many cases LAER would include consideration of catalytic reduction controls. Emission offsets refers to the CAA requirement that a new or modified major stationary source obtain emission reductions from the same source or other sources in the area so that there is no net increase in emissions in the area. Also, State rules must ensure that NO, offsets will be consistent with any applicable attainment demonstrations. The NSR requirements detailed in section III.G of the General Preamble (2) for major VOC sources also apply for major NO, sources. 

As described in this paper, there is a clear need for the development of NO control systems to meet near- and long-term CAA requirements. The NO, controls will help provide for attainment of the ozone NAAQS and will reduce the adverse effects of acidic deposition. 

To satisfy tiie CAA requirements, states and state air eontrol boards are required to implement regulations and develop state implementation plans (SIP). Criteria pollutants (e.g., ozone, oxides of nilrogen, earbon monoxide) are regulated with National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and hazardous air pollutants (HAP), such as hexane, with National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). 

The second-generation Halogenated Solvents NESHAP used the outcome(s) of the 1994 NESHAP as a baseline. Then, the 1990 CAA required the EPA to review whether or not at that baseline there is residual risk to the US population caused by users of halogenated solvents and required in the event residual risk is found by the EPA, that they take action to reduce that risk to acceptable levels . 

Specifically, the 1990 CAA requires the EPA to revise all NESHAPs "as necessary, taking into account developments in practices, processes, and control technologies, no less frequently than every 8 years." Obviously, this statement means that there can be additional NESHAPs in sequence. 

A remand is an opportunity to reconsider. In this case, the remand was granted by federal courts to whom petitioners had appealed for the EPA to stay its 2007 proposed regulation The reason that the EPA needed a remand is because the CAA requires review and action by them by a certain time. The remand absolves the EPA of their requirement to review and act - so that they can re-review and re-act In other words, a remand to the EPA is a delay of the requirements of the CAA to allow them to respond to the petitions. 

The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the USEPA to control the emission of 187 hazardous air pollutants, which are pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects (CAA Section 112(b), 42 use 7412). Between 2005 and 2009, the hydraulic fracturing companies used 595 products containing 24 different hazardous air pollutants. 

The 1990 CAA Amendments set new NESHAPS for 188 hazardous air pollutants. In addition, the Act required EPA to develop standards based on maximum achievable control technology, or MACT. Thus, the NESHAPS are commonly called the MACT standards. The law calls for EPA to review the technology-based MACT standards for each source category every eight years to determine whether any residual risk exists for the source category, and if necessary, revise the standards. Basically, the CAA requires major stationary sources to install pollution control equipment and to maintain that equipment in good working order. 

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