Succinic acid bacterial production

The fungal production of fumaric acid using rice bran and subsequent bacterial conversion of succinic acid using fungal culture broth were investigated. Since the rice bran contains abundant proteins, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, it is suitable material that fungi use as a nitrogen source. The effective concentration of rice bran to produce fumaric acid was 5 g/L. 

Finally, we investigated the inhibition of concentrated fungal culture broth on succinic acid production and fumaric acid consumption. As shown in Fig. 8, we found that concentrated fungal culture broth slightly inhibited the bacterial conversion. Succinic acid could be efficiently produced from fungal culture broth until it was concentrated to three-fold (64 g/L of fumaric acid). However, the conversion time needed was severely prolonged when it was concentrated to more than four-fold (84 g/L of fumaric acid). Since E.faecalis RKY1 could efficiently convert fumaric acid... 

Tartaric acid is relatively stable to bacterial activity and can only be metabolized by some Lactobacillus species with the production of acetic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid (Handler 1983). When tartaric acid is metabolised, the volatile acidity increases and the wine acquires an acetic aroma and a disagreeable taste this degradation can be total or partial depending on the bacteria population, but it always decreases wine quality. The tartaric acid degrading capacity is restricted to only a few species Radler And Yannissis (1972) found it in four strains of L. plantarum and one strain of L. brevis. 

Properties.—Succinic acid has been known for a long time. It is quite widely distributed in nature. It is found in unripe fruits, especially in grapes, also in lignite, in peat and in many plants. Its most important occurrence is in amber from which it may be obtained by distillation. It is also a constituent of wines where it is the product of the alcoholic fermentation of the sugars of grape juice. Another source, which will be considered later, is from malic and tartaric acids by bacterial or mould fermentation. Succinic acid crystallizes in plates or columns which melt at 182°. It sublimes when it is heated below its melting point. When heated rapidly to 235° it loses water and forms an anhydride. It is soluble in 14 parts of water. 

Song H, Lee SY. Production of succinic acid by bacterial fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol... 

Wang X, Gong CS, Tsao GT (1998) Bioconversion of fumaric acid to succinic acid by recombinant E. coli Appl Biochem Biotechnol 70-72 919-928 Weusthuis RA, Huijberts GNM, Eggink G (1997) In Eggink G, Steinbuchel A, Poirer Y, Witholt B (eds) Proceedings of the 1996 international symposium on bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Production for MCL-polyhydroxyalkanoates. NRC Research Press, Davos, Switzerland, pp 102—109 White D (1995) The physiology and biochemistry of prokaryotes. Oxford University Press, New York... 

The monomers used in the polycondensation reaction for the production of poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s are basically from petrochemical sources. However, some of them can be obtained from renewable sources. For example, 1,3-propanediol can be produced by fermentation of glycerol, which is a by-product from biodiesel or plant oil production. Succinic acid can be synthesized from glucose or whey by bacterial fermentation in very high yields. ... 

Succinic acid is one of the high-volume specialty chemicals. It is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of petrochemical maleic acid or anhydride. However, due to cost reductions delivered via the production of succinic acid from the bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates, a large-volume commodity market could be realized. Presently, the bacterial strain used for succinic acid manufacturing is Escherichia coli. However, the requirement for lower costs is moving companies toward other microorganisms, such as Coryne-type bacteria and yeast. Succinic acid can be converted to 1,4-butanediol (EDO) and other products. It also serves as a raw material for diverse important chemicals, including polymers, polybutylene terephthalate, and polybutylene succinate. 

Due to the possibility that petroleum supplies will be exhausted in the next decades to come, more and more attention has been paid to the production of bacterial plastics including polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), biopolyethylene (PE), poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), and poly(p-phenylene) (PPP). These are well-studied polymers containing at least one monomer synthesized via bacterial transformation. 

A variety of monosaccharides (hexoses or pentoses) can be fermented to produce 2,3-BD (Syu, 2001). In bacterial metabolism, monosaccharides must first be converted to pyruvate before generation of major products. From glucose, pyruvate is formed in a relatively simple manner via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (glycolysis). In contrast, the production of pyruvate from pentoses must proceed via a combination of the pentose phosphate and Embden-Meyerhof pathways (Jansen and Tsao, 1983). In addition to 2,3-BD, the pyruvate produced from the monosaccharides is then channeled into a mixture of acetate, lactate, formate, succinate, acetoin, and ethanol, through the mixed acid-2,3-BD fermentation pathway (Ji et al., 2011a). 

---