Bronchial hypersensitivity

Asthma is an extremely complex condition characterized by variable and reversible airways obstmction combiaed with nonspecific bronchial hypersensitivity (1 3). The cause of asthma, which is not always readily diagnosed (4), remains unknown. Days, if not weeks, ate needed to document the spontaneous reversal of the airways obstmction ia some patients. Asthmatics experience both an immediate hypersensitivity response and a delayed late-phase reaction, each mediated by a different pathway. Chronic asthma has come to be viewed as an inflammatory disease (5). The late-phase reaction plays a key role ia iaduciag and maintaining the inflammatory state which ia turn is thought to iaduce the bronchial hyperresponsiveness (6). The airways obstmction results from both contraction of airways smooth muscle and excessive bronchial edema. Edema, a characteristic of inflammatory states, is accompanied, ia this case, by the formation of a viscous mucus which can completely block the small airways. 

Herxeimer H Bronchial hypersensitization and hyposensitization in man. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1951 40 40-57. 

Local effects of SEB inhalation in the bronchial mucosa cannot be tested experimentally in humans, but have been in mice [69-71]. Low doses of SEB were sufficient to cause some of the characteristic signs (e.g. eosinophilia) and symptoms (bronchial hypersensitivity and airway hyperresponsiveness) of asthma. 

Bronchial hypersensitivity to inhaled histamine has been observed in one-quarter of patients with farmer s lung during the acute phase of the disease and in one-fifth after rechallenge some months later (Monkare et al. 1981). In a study in Belgium, bronchial hyperreactivity was found in 50% of patients with farmer s lung disease (Freedman and Ault 1981). 

Citron KM, Frankland AW, Sinclair JD. Inhalation tests of bronchial hypersensitivity in pollen asthma. Thorax 1958 13 229-232. 

Both carvedilol and labetalol are contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the drag, bronchial asthma, decompensated heart failure, and severe bradycardia The drugs are used cautiously in patients with drag-controlled congestive heart failure, chronic bronchitis, impaired hepatic or cardiac function, in those with diabetes, and during pregnancy (Category C) and lactation. 

The thiazide diuretics are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the thiazides or related diuretics, electrolyte imbalances, renal decompensation, hepatic coma, or anuria. A cross-sensitivity reaction may occur with the thiazides and sulfonamides. Some of the thiazide diuretics contain tartrazine, which may cause allergic-type reactions or bronchial asthma in individuals sensitive to tartrazine. 

Control of severe or incapacitating allergic conditions not controlled by other methods, bronchial asthma (including status asthmaticus), contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, serum sickness, drug hypersensitivity reactions... 

The importance of PAF in airway hypersensitivity has been confirmed by the protective effect exerted by BN 52021 and related ginkgolides [192] in (i) PAF-induced bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity in both humans and animals (ii) various models of immune anaphylaxis and airway hyperreactivity in animals and, as we shall discuss later (iii) antigen-induced bronchial provocation tests in asthmatic patients. 

Yoshida, S., Sakamoto, H., Ishizaki, Y., et al. (2000) Efficacy of leukotriene receptor antagonist in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and hypersensitivity to analgesic in aspirin-intolerant asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 30, 64-70. 

Patients with decompensated cardiac failure requiring the use of IV inotropic therapy (such patients should first be weaned from IV therapy before initiating carvedilol) bronchial asthma (see Warninas) or related bronchospastic conditions second- or third-degree AV block sick sinus syndrome or severe bradycardia (unless a permanent pacemaker is in place) cardiogenic shock clinically manifest hepatic impairment hypersensitivity to the drug. 

Hypersensitivity reactions Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in patients with or without a history of allergy or bronchial asthma cross-sensitivity with sulfonamides may also occur. Refer to Management of Acute Hypersensitivity Reactions. 

Bronchial asthma, a history of bronchial asthma, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease sinus bradycardia second- and third-degree AV block overt cardiac failure cardiogenic shock hypersensitivity to any component of the products. 

Contraindications to procainamide are similar to those for quinidine. Because of its effects on A-V nodal and His-Purkinje conduction, procainamide should be administered with caution to patients with second-degree A-V block and bundle branch block. Procainamide should not be administered to patients who have shown procaine or procainamide hypersensitivity and should be used with caution in patients with bronchial asthma. Prolonged administration should be accompanied by hematological studies, since agranulocytosis may occur. 

The opioids generally have a high level of safety when used in therapeutic dosages. However, there are several notable exceptions. Morphine and other opioids are contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to the opioids. In addition, morphine should not be used in patients with acute bronchial asthma and should... 

Unlabeled Uses Glaucoma, severe renal or hepatic disease, bronchial asthma, respiratory depression, convulsive disorders, acute alcoholism, hypersensitivity to belladonna or opium or its components... 

Contraindications Bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulomonary disease, cardiogenic shock, overt cardiac failure, second and third degree AV block, severe sinus bradycardia, hypersensitivity to dorzolamide, timolol, or any other component of the formulation... 

Contraindications Bronchial asthma or related bronchospastic conditions, cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, second- or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, severe bradycardia, overt cardiac failure, hypersensitivity to penbutolol or any component of f he formulafion... 

Litsea cubeba Lour. Shan Cong Zi (Cubebs) (fruit) Citral, linalool, laurotetanine.33 Treat chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma, protect hypersensitization shock. 

Formaldehyde, used in a large number of consumer products, resins, and wood products. This agent causes type I hypersensitivity manifested by respiratory symptoms, including rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and asthmatic bronchitis. 

Bronchial asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cardiogenic shock Hypersensitivity to propranolol Overt cardiac failure Second and third degree AV block Severe sinus bradycardia... 

History of bronchial asthma, nasal polyps, or aspirin hypersensitivity... 

---