Bromine storage systems

Previously studied possibilities for bromine storage systems are listed in Table 1. The widely known reduction of the Br2 vapor pressure by formation of adducts with various carbon materials results from strong chemisorption interactions and has Table 1. General possibilities for bromine storage... 

Safety risks and the environmental impact are of major importance for the practical success of bromine storage system. The nonaqueous polybromide complexes in general show excellent physical properties, such as good ionic conductivity (0.1-0.05 Qcirf1), oxidation stability (depending on the nature of the ammonium ion), and a low bromine vapor pressure. The concentration of active bromine in the aqueous solution is reduced by formation of the complex phase up to 0.01-0.05 mol/L, hence ensuring a decisive decrease of selfdischarge. 

Vogel I, Mdblus A (1991) On some problems of the zinc— bromine system as an electric energy storage system of higher efficiency—I. Kinetics of the bromine electrode. Electrochim Acta 36 1403-1408. doi 10.1016/0013-4686(91)85326-3... 

To transport people and material growing transportation systems are needed. More and more of the energy for these systems is drawn from secondary batteries. The reason for this trend is economic, but there is also an environmental need for a future chance for electric traction. The actual development of electrochemical storage systems with components like sodium-sulfur, sodium-nickel chloride, nickel-metal hydride, zinc-bromine, zinc-air, and others, mainly intended for electric road vehicles, make the classical lead-acid traction batteries look old-fashioned and outdated. Lead-acid, this more than 150-year-old system, is currently the reliable and economic power source for electric traction. 

The electrochemical reactions which store and release energy take place in a system whose principal components include bipolar electrodes, separators, aqueous electrolyte, and electrolyte storage reservoirs. Figure 39.1 shows a schematie of a three-cell zinc/bromine battery system that illustrates these components (plus other features which are discussed in Sec. 39.3). The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of zinc bromide, which is circulated with pumps past both electrode surfaces. The electrode surfaces are in turn separated by a microporous... 

A great deal of flexibility is available when designing zinc/bromine battery systems. Batteries can be custom built for a particular application, where multiple modules share a single set of electrolyte reservoirs or where each module contains a complete system of cell stacks, reservoirs, and controls. Modules can be stacked to conserve the footprint in energy storage applications, and reservoirs can be made to match the space available in electric vehicles. 

Finally, bromine has found application in power storage and battery systems. A... 

Figures 5 and 6 show how the water extractable chloride and bromide change with storage at 175 C and 200 C for a 1983 and a 1985 vintage flame retarded novolac epoxy. In both of these figures, the chloride, most of which comes from the ECN, changes from an initial concentration of <10 ppm to a maximum concentration of 17 ppm after 1000 hours at 175 C and 23 ppm after 1000 hours at 200 C. The amount of chloride extracted from both epoxies is similar. The water extractable bromide, however, increases for the 1983 epoxy after an induction period of about 168 hours. The bromide from the 1985 epoxy also increases, but at a much slower rate. These results show that the thermal stability problems of the brominated organic can be minimized, provided the flame retardant system is carefully selected.

Cell 3 [51]. In the bromine-imbedded Si sphere system, energy stored as bromine is recovered in an external hydrogen bromine fuel cell. The conversion and storage reaction and cell configuration are summarized by... 

Halon is a generic name for halogenated agents used in fire suppression systems. Until recently, two varieties, Halon 1301 and Halon 1211 were the agents of choice as alternatives to water systems where damage to equipment was a problem. Halon 1301 especially was a desirable alternative because of its low toxicity and effectiveness in low concentrations so that it could be used safely in occupied areas. The different numbers in the nomenclature correspond to the number of carbon atoms, fluorine atoms, chlorine atoms, and bromine atoms in that order in the compound If there were a fifth number in the designation, it would refer to the number of iodine atoms. Halon 1301 is the one most commonly used in occupied spaces while Halon 1211 apphcations are typically in storage areas or other areas which are rarely or sporadically occupied. 

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