Turbulence water

Eddy Currents ttike their name from the swirls (eddies) observed in turbulent water flow. The Greek mythology tells us about Charybdis. A monster eddy current between Italy and Sicily whose attractive field pulled unwary sailors to their destruction. Our kind of eddy currents are usually not so dangerous, they flow in electrical conductors and are a branch of Electromagnetics. Where does that spring from Could it make eddy currents the very oldest NDT technique ... 

Turbulence and high fluid velocities resulting from normal pump operation accelerated metal loss by abrading the soft, graphitically corroded surface (erosion-corrosion). The relatively rapid failure of this impeller is due to the erosive effects of the high-velocity, turbulent water coupled with the aggressiveness of the water. Erosion was aided in this case by solids suspended in the water. 

Metal loss in these areas had produced a smooth surface, free of deposits and corrosion products. The rest of the internal surface was covered by a thin, uniform layer of soft, black corrosion product. The graphitically corroded surfaces of the pump casing provided soft, friable corrosion products that were relatively easily dislodged by the abrasive effects of high-velocity or turbulent water (erosion-corrosion). 

Figure 17.18 Close-up of the perforation in Fig. 17.16 viewed from the external surface. Graphitic corrosion of the external surface permitted erosion by turbulent water escaping through the perforation.

Impingement by high speed, turbulent water, and particles. Erosion-corrosion of pumps, impellers, and fittings... 

Formation of vapor bubbles in rapidly flowing or turbulent water causing risk of pumping failure and erosion and/or corrosion. Due to an increase in velocity at the pump head resulting in a localized pressure reduction and the subsequent collapse of the vapor into voids or cavities. Where FW temperatures are high (over perhaps 195-205 °F) the pump velocity can reduce FW vapor pressure below that corresponding to the temperature of the liquid and cavitation can occur accompanied by some noise. Warning of severe pump cavitation is often indicated by a heavy noise. 

Figure 15.11 Breakup of an air bubble in turbulent water (From...

Zimmer-Faust, R. K., C. M. Finelli, N. D. Pentcheff, and D. S. Wethey. Odor plumes and animal navigation in turbulent water flow A field study. Biol. Bull. 188, 111-116 (1995). 

Figure 5.1 shows a photograph of a chemical plume in a turbulent water flow. The dye in this example has been released from a small orifice upstream of... 

If the oil or grease congeals or solidifies at ambient temperatures, the tank and/or skimmer will require heaters to maintain fluid flow. This is especially true at temperatures where water freezes. The use of rust inhibitors, high temperatures, and variable pH levels can affect the efficiency of oil skimmers. Turbulent waters may emulsify the water and oil and limit the system effectiveness. All information is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

A different situation is encountered at the bottom of a water body. The sediment-water interface is characterized by, on one side, a water column which is mostly turbulent (although usually less intensive than at the water surface), and, on the other side, by the pore space of the sediment column in which transport occurs by molecular diffusion. Thus, the turbulent water body meets a wall into which transport is slow, hence the term wall boundary (Fig. 19.3b). A wall boundary is like a one-sided bottleneck boundary, that is, like a freeway leading into a narrow winding road. 

The mathematics of the wall boundary model slightly changes if the media on either side of the interface are different. As an example, consider the volatilization of a dissolved chemical into the well-mixed atmosphere from a shallow puddle of water in which advective and turbulent motion is completely suppressed. Another example is the transport between a solid phase and a turbulent water body. 

Formation of bubbles in rapidly flowing or turbulent water, causing risk of pumping failure and erosion/corrosion. 

Continuous water irradiation by e-beam is conducted on a bench scale at the Austrian Research Center, Seibersdorf. A 500-keV, 25-mA ICT accelerator (Vivirad-Eligh Voltage Corp.) is used as the electron source [52]. A 3-mm horizontal layer of water is irradiated. Low penetration by the lower energy electrons produced by this smaller accelerator is compensated for by irradiating a turbulent water flow. Dose distribution in the turbulent stream is not uniform, but the overall volume of water treated to an average dose is increased. A schematic of the system is shown in Fig. 5. 

Slope stabilization is just one potential application for composites in the broad area of erosion control. Several other related applications are bridge abutments, freeway cuts, storage tank embankments, mine tailings, sand dunes, and areas of turbulent water flow. 

Gordon, M.C. and Kelly, H.M., 1962. Primary productivity of a Hawaiian coral reef A critique of flow respimetry in turbulent waters. Ecology, 43 473—480. 

Matlock in Derbyshire (Pentecost, 1999). Another remarkable form, documented only from the mountainous regions of China are the river shoals (Figure 6.5). These consist of large shallow sheets of turbulent water between travertine-dammed lakes, beneath which the tufa builds evenly around a bryophyte and algal biofilm. 

Now that the background has been constructed, it is with pleasure and relief that I launch my theory of psychedelic experience into certainly turbulent waters, if it be based on delusion and self-deception the sinking will be so rapid as to be unnoticed, saving me intense embarrassment if there is a glimmer of truth therein, the violence of the storm in which it must survive might sink it as quickly. I can only grease the ways well and hope I have not left any gaping holes in its structure ... 

A.W. Visser (1997). Using random walk models to simulate the vertical distribution of particles in a turbulent water column. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 158, 275-281. 

Turbulent water conditions give well-mixed waters in which vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen are constant from the surface to the bottom... 

Kenning and Kao [226] noted heat transfer increases of up to 50 percent when nitrogen bubbles were injected into turbulent water flow. A similar level of enhancement was observed by Baker [227], who created slug flow in small rectangular channels with simulated microelectronic chips on one of the wide sides. 

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