Other Related Applications

Besides e-beam lithography, a closely related application of these CP conductive coatings is of course SEM mask metrology and prevention of charging during SEM inspection. Both these fall under the category of conductive coatings for ESD and other applications, discussed in Chapter 19. 

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Thus the range of applications is vast. Electroanalysis, potentiometric and voltammetric industrial electrolysis, electroplating, batteries, fuel cells, electrochemical machining, and many other related applications, including minimization of corrosion biosensors and bioelectrochemistry. 

Slope stabilization is just one potential application for composites in the broad area of erosion control. Several other related applications are bridge abutments, freeway cuts, storage tank embankments, mine tailings, sand dunes, and areas of turbulent water flow. 

It should be noted that the above-listed principles apply to the preparation of stable O/W and W/O emulsions as well as to other related applications. 

The mathematical solution of the convolution equation is not an easy task in view of the fact that Qapp is in general known only at discrete, not necessarily equidistant, points in a finite energy range and affected with noise. A review of the many earlier attempts to solve this problem for other related applications is outside the scope of this paper. Nalley et al. (1974) have devised and applied an iterative deconvolution procedure. It is well known however that such procedure often suffer from instability due to noise on the data, which makes smoothing necessary. In the previous section we briefly discussed the deconvoluted Cs/N02 results of Nalley, which show considerable structure. 

The major application of CE in forensic biology is in the detection and analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs). STR markers are preferred because of the powerful statistical result that is possible with these markers and the large databases that exist for convicted offenders profiles. Other related applications include the analysis of haploid markers in the Y chromosome and in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Nonhuman DNA testing can also be performed depending on the circumstances of the case. The techniques involved include genotyping, DNA sequencing, and mutation detection. 

Molecular imprinting for solid phase extraction has attracted increasing interest in the past few years. MIP-based SPE is now considered to be the first commercialization effort to market the imprinting technology. As in other related applications, success in this aspect largely depends on the performance of MIP adsorbents under real conditions. In addition to strive for very high binding affinity and specificity, perhaps more important issues, but not so much foreseen by many of the research... 

In the reporters opinion, 1,3,5-triazine chemistry is the most monotonous of the whole triazine family. Most of the reports of 1,3,5-triazine chemistry concern the use of their chlorine-substituted derivatives as conjugation tags due to high reactivity toward various nucleophiles. The same nucleophilic substitution reaction of suitable nucleofuges in a 1,3,5-triazine ring is also used for material functionalization, preparation of wide range derivatives for total bioscreening and other related applications. 

In the construction industries, UPE-based FRP has been replacing aluminium, stainless steel and wood because of its low cost, and ease of cleaning and working. The examples for such applications are solar panels, wall liners, automobile components, liners for truck trailers and railroad cars. UPE-FRP products are used to make sanitary ware as replacements for conventional materials such as porcelainised cast iron due to their obvious advantages of lower cost and easier installation. The other related applications are bath tubs, showers, toilets and sinks. 

Other related applications include the synthesis of aryl ferro-cenyl ketones (eq 12) and that of 5-aroyldihydropyrimidones using microwaves under more forcing conditions (eq 13). ... 

The compression set is an interesting parameter and not only relevant for mechanical bonding but also for the overall performance of a gasket or any other related application - irrespective of whether it is a simple moulding or a composite structure. 

IPC-CF-152A Metallic Foil Specification for Copper/Invar/Copper (CIC) for Printed Wiring and Other Related Applications... 

Even now the field is relatively unexploited. There is one major application where NIR is routinely currently in use, and providing an appreciable and appreciated benefit to its users the analysis of washed wools in New Zealand, the world s major exporter of such wools. The success of that work has encouraged other, related applications but, as yet, these operate on a smaller scale. Most attention has been given to the raw wool area where perhaps the largest benefits might accrue in the short term but where the material exhibits its greatest variability — a marked emphasis on sampling and sample presentation is characteristic of raw wool applications. 

The literature contains several other related applications of the technique, and a wealth of articles exists on examinations of interactions of drugs with biological systems. Many of these reports describe interactions of anticancer agents with DNA, with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy used to improve limits of detection (e.g., Refs. 45-47). Additionally, the interactions of therapeutic agents with proteins found in the body have been reported (e.g., Ref. 48). Fuller discussions of the uses of Raman spectroscopy in pharmacology and medicine can be found in the literature [49]. 

The optical properties of plastic items (such as haze, transparency or clarity and transmittance) are key issues in packaging applications, especially films, since they allow the consumer to see what is contained within the package. Hence, optical properties are important features in the marketability of a particular product and control of these properties is therefore required whether the film is utilised for food packaging, pallet wrap or other related applications [1,2]. 

Chiral nematic liquid crystals, as the name suggests, are optically active variants of nematic liquid-crystalline compounds the incorporation of a chiral centre imparts properties which are unique to the chiral nematic phase and are responsible for their utilisation in a variety of differing display technologies and other related applications. The term cholesteric liquid crystal was originally used to describe this phase, and originates from the structural nature of the earliest chiral nematic liquid crystals which were derivatives of cholesterol [1,2], Nowadays, the term chiral nematic is used primarily because the materials are clearly derived from nematic type liquid crystals [3, 4], Despite these differences in definition, the terms cholesteric and chiral nematic phase are interchangeable and it is common to find references to either term in the literature. 

The adsorption of surface-active materials onto a solid surface from solution is an important process in many situations, including those in which we may want to remove unwanted materials from a system (detergency), change the wetting characteristics of a surface (waterproofing), control the triboelectric properties of a surface (static control), or stabilize a finely divided solid system in a liquid where stability may otherwise be absent (dispersion stabilization). In these and many other related applications of surfactants or amphiphilic materials, the ability of the surface-active molecule to situate itself at the solid-liquid interface and produce the desired effect is controlled by the chemical natures of the components of the system the solid, the surfactant, and the solvent. The following discussions summarize some of the factors related to chemical structures that significantly affect the mechanisms of surfactant adsorption and the orientation with which adsorption occurs. 

The UVI Marketing group tried to identify other related applications, e.g., airport displays, etc., but could not fund these sufficiently to develop commercial interest. 

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